O’ZBEKISTON ALOQA VA AXBOROTLASHTIRISH AGENTLIGI

TOSHKENT AXBOROT TEXNOLOGIYALARI UNIVERSITETI

Chet tillar kafedrasi

“Telekommunikatsiya” yo’nalishi 1-2 kurs talabalari uchun ingliz tilidan amaliy bilim ko’nikmalarini oshirish bo’yicha o’quv-uslubiy qo’llanma

5522200

(ingliz tili)

TOSHKENT 2008

SO’Z  BOSHI

      Ushbu uslubiy qo’llanma 1-2 kurs “Telekommunikatsiya” yonalishi talabalari uchun mo’ljallangan . O’quv-uslubiy qo’llanma  uchta bo’limdan iborat. Birinchi  bo’lim 6 darsni, ikkinchi bo’lim 7 darsni o’z ichiga oladi, unda mutaxasisligiga oid bo’lgan matinlar, ularga xos bo’lgan og’zaki nutq vazifalari berilgan. Uchinchi bo’limda ko’plab mashqlar ingliz tili grammatikasi yordamida yoritib berilgan. Mashqlar tushunarli va ommabop tarizda keltirilgan.

       O’quv-uslubiy qo’llanma  yaratishining asosiy maqsadi milliy guruhlarda ta’lim oluvchi talabalarga ingliz tilidan amaliy bilim ko’nikmalarini va idrokini o’shirish ko’zda tutilgan.

MUNDARIJA - CONTENS

UNIT 1

Lesson 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………4

Lesson 2 SATTELITE SERVICES…………………………………..7

Lesson 3 INTERNET………………………………………………..10

Lesson 4 ADVANCING ROLE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS….14

Lesson 5 FUTURE OF DEVELOPMENT…………………………...17

Lesson 6 CONCLUSION…………………………………………….19

UNIT 2

Lesson 1 Telecommunication……………………………………22

Lesson 2 SOCIETY AND TELECOMMUNICATION………………....25

Lesson 3 HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATION…………………...26

Lesson 4 MODERN OPERATION. PART 1.TELEPHONE………...…..29

Lesson 5 Modern operation. Part 2. Radio and television………. 31

Lesson 6 Modern operation. Part 3. The Internet……………………33

Lesson 7 Modern operation. Part 4. Local area networks……….35

UNIT 3

NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB

(Grammar material and exercises) 36

UNIT 1

          Lesson 1

                                       INTRODUCTION

    No one can deny the role of telecommunications for society.

Currently hundreds of millions of people use wireless communication means.

Cell phone is no longer a symbol of prestige but a tool, which lets to use

working time more effectively.  Considering that the main service of a

mobile connection  operator  is  providing  high  quality  connection,  much

attention in the  telecommunication  market  is  paid  to  the  spectrum  of

services that cell network subscriber may receive.

                      DEVELOPING OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS

    Late in the nineteenth century communications facilities were augmented

by a new invention – telephone. In the USA its use slowly expanded,  and  by

1900  the  American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company  controlled  855,000

telephones; but elsewhere  the  telephone  made  little  headway  until  the

twentieth century. After 1900,  however,  telephone  installations  extended

much more rapidly in all the wealthier countries. The number  of  telephones

in use in the world grew at almost  100  per  cent  per  decade.  But  long-

distance telephone services gradually developed and began  to  compete  with

telegraphic business. A greater  contribution  to  long-range  communication

came with the development of wireless. Before  the  outbreak  of  the  First

World War  wireless  telegraphy  was  established  as  a  means  of  regular

communication with ships at sea,  and  provided  a  valuable  supplement  to

existing telegraph lines and cables. In the next few years the telephone

systems of all the chief countries were connected with each other by  radio.

Far more immediate was the influence that  radio  had  through  broadcasting

and by television, which followed it at an  interval  of  about  twenty-five

years.

    Telephones are as   much  a  form  of  infrastructure  as   roads   or

electricity, and competition will  make  them  cheaper.  Losses from   lower

prices will be countered by higher usage,  and  tax  revenues  will  benefit

from the faster economic growth that telephones bring about. Most important

of all, by cutting out the need to  install  costly  cables   and  microwave

transmitters, the new telephones could be a boon  to  the  remote  and  poor

regions of the earth. Even today, half the  world’s  population  lives  more

than two hours away from a telephone, and that is one reason why  they  find

it hard to break out of their poverty. A  farmer’s  call  for  advice  could

save a whole crop; access to a handset could help  a  small  rural  business

sell its wares.  And  in  rich  places  with  reasonable  telephone  systems

already in place, the effect of new  entrants  –  the  replacement  of  bad,

overpriced services with clever, cheaper ones – is less dramatic  but  still

considerable.

    Global phones are not going to deliver all these benefits at  once,  or

easily. Indeed, if the market fails to develop, it could prove too small  to

support the costs of launching satellites.  Still,  that  is  a  risk  worth

taking. And these new global telephones  reflect  a  wider  trend.  Lots  of

other  new  communication  services  –  on-line  film  libraries,   personal

computers that can send video-clips and sound-bites as easily  as  they  can

be used for writing  letters,  terrestrial  mobile-telephone  systems  cheap

enough  to  replace  hard-wired  family  sets  –  are  already   technically

possible. What they all need is deregulation. Then any of them  could  bring

about changes just as unexpected  and  just  as  magical  as  anything  that

Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone has already achieved

Vocabulary

deny -1) inkor qilmoq,2)teskarisini tasdiqlamoq,3)radqilmoq,5)xalaqit qilmoq;

augment - o’sish;

elsewhere - 1)qayerdadir boshqa joyda 2)qayergadir boshqa joyga

headway - oldinga harakat 2) rivojlanish, omad 3) yoruqdan tushgan shula, balandlik (tonnel) 4) harakat intervali (yo’nalishli transport vositalari)

rapidly - tez;

outbreak -1) otilish, yorib o’tish, portlash, behosdan paydo bo’lish, boshlanish

2) qo’zg’olon, isyon, g’azablanish, g’alayon 3) otilish, qatlamning yuqoriga chiqish;

valuable - qadrli, qimmat, qimmatbaho, qimmatli, yuqori bahoi ;

supplement - qo’shish, qo’shimcha qilmoq, ilova;

revenues - daromad, kirim;

reason - tafakkur, idrok, aql, zakovat 2) aql bilan ishlash 3) sabab, asos, tashkil etish, negiz;

poverty - kambag’allik, ehtiyoj, fikrning sayozligi;

entrants - (qayergadir) kiradigan, (qaysidir korxonaga) kirish 2) (shaharga) kelgan, kelayotgan;

replacement - qaytish 2) almashtirish;

overpriced - narxini oshirish;

unexpected - kutilmagan,to’satdan;

deregulation - boshqarishni to’xtatish;

terrestrial -1) yerlik 2) а) yerda ro’y berayotgan, quruqlikda b) yerni ustida yki tagida yashovchi;

augmented -1) o’sish 2) qo’shilish 3) kuchaytirish, ko’tarish, kattaytirish, kengaytirish ;

installations - qo’shish, o’stirish, to’ldirish, o’rnashtirish, lavozomga qo’yish;

wealthier - boy, juda boy;

compete - musobaqalashmoq, raqib bo’lmoq, raqobatlashmoq;

supplement - qoshish, to’ldirish;

chief - boshqaruvchi.bosh, boshliq;

handset - 1) telefon go’shagi 2) masofadan boshqarish;

cheaper - arzon,qimmat emas;

1. Translate the text.

 2. Answer the questions.

1.  When did   communications facilities augment by a new invention – telephone?

2. How many telephones had the American Telephone and Telegraph Company controlled    by 1900?

3. What is wireless telegraphy?

4.  How were telephone systems  connected to all  chief countries?

5. What advantages did new telephone have?

6. How long did the half of world’s population live away from a telephone?

7.  What do new global telephones reflect?

8. What communication services do you know?

9. Who is Alexander Graham Bell?

10. What  are the role of telecommunications   for  society?

3. Discuss the text in groups.

4. Fill the gap with the appropriate words.

 a) Late in the nineteenth century … …were augmented

by a new invention – telephone.

 b) In the USA its use… …,  and  by 1900  the  American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company  controlled  855,000 telephones; but elsewhere  the  telephone  made  little  headway  until  the twentieth century.

c) The number  of  … in use in the world grew at almost  100  per  cent  per  decade.

d)  A greater  contribution  to  … communication came with the development of wireless.

e)  In the next  few  years  the  telephone systems of all the …… were connected with each other by  radio.

 f) …  are  as  much  a  form  of  infrastructure  as   roads   or

electricity, and … will  make  them  cheaper.

 g) A  farmer’s  call  for  advice  could save a whole crop; access to a  … could help  a  small  rural  business sell its wares.

  h)  Global phones are not going to … all these benefits at  once,  or

easily.

  i) Then any of them  could  bring about changes just as unexpected  and  just  as  …  as  anything  that Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone has already achieved.                          j)    And these new global telephones  … a  wider  trend.

 k)     Lots  of other  new  communication  services  –  ………,   personal

computers that can send  … and sound-bites as easily  as  they  can

be used for writing  letters,  terrestrial  mobile-telephone  systems  cheap

enough  to  replace  … family  sets  –  are  already   technically

possible.

Words:

communications facilities;

telephones;

deliver;

competition;

long-range;

handset;

 slowly expanded;

video-clips;

chief countries;

reflect;

on-line  film  libraries;

 hard-wired

telephones;

magical;

5. Make a summary of the text.

  Lesson 2

                                          SATELLITE SERVICES

    Our world has become an increasingly complex place in  which,  as

individuals, we are very dependent on other people and on organizations.  An

event in some distant part  of  the  globe  can  rapidly  and  significantly

affect the quality of life in our home country.

    This increasing independence, on  both  a  national  and  international

scale, has led  us  to  create  systems  that  can  respond  immediately  to

dangers, enabling appropriate defensive or offensive actions  to  be  taken.

These systems are operating all around us  in  military,  civil,  commercial

and industrial fields.

      A worldwide system of satellites has been created, and it  is  possible

to transmit signals around the globe by bouncing them from on  satellite  to

an earth station and thence to another satellite.

    Originally designed to carry voice traffic,  they  are  able  to  carry

hundreds of thousands of separate  simultaneous  calls.  These  systems  are

being  increasingly  adopted  to  provide   for   business   communications,

including the  transmission  of  traffic  for  voice,  facsimile,  data  and

vision.

    It is probable that future  satellite  services  will  enable  a  great

variety  of  information  services  to  transmit  directly  into  the  home,

possibly including personalized electronic mail. The electronic computer  is

at the heart of  such systems, but the  role  of  telecommunications  is

not less  important.  There  will  be  a  further  convergence  between  the

technologies  of  computing  and  telecommunications.  The change will be

dramatic: the database culture, the cashless society, the  office  at  home,

the gigabit-per-second data network.

    We cannot doubt that the economic and social impact of  these  concepts

will be very significant. Already, advanced  systems  of  communication  are

affecting both the layman and the technician . Complex functions  are  being

performed by people using advanced terminals which are  intended  to  be  as

easy to use as the conventional telephone.

    The new global satellite-communications systems will offer three  kinds

of service, which may overlap in many different kinds of receivers:

    Voice. Satellite telephones will be able to make calls from anywhere on

earth to anywhere else. That could make them especially  useful  to  remote,

third-world  villages  (some  of  which  already  use  stationary  satellite

telephones), explorers and  disaster-relief  teams.  Today’s  mobile  phones

depend on earth-bound transmitters,  whose  technical  standards  vary  from

country to country. So business travelers cannot use their mobile phones  on

international trips. Satellite telephones would make that possible.

    Massaging.  Satellite messages have the same global  coverage  as

satellite telephones, but carry text alone, which could be useful for  those

with laptop computers. Equipped with a small  screen  like  today’s  pagers,

satellite massagers will also receive short massages.

    Tracking. Voice and messaging systems will also tell their users  where

they are to within  a  few  hundred  meters.  Combined with the messaging

service, the location service could  help  rescue  teams  to  find  stranded

adventurers, the police  to  find  stolen  cars,  exporters  to  follow  the

progress of cargoes, and haulage companies to check  that  drivers  are  not

detouring to the pub. Satellite systems will provide better positioning

information to anyone who has a receiver for their signals.

Vocabulary

increasingly- ko’proq va ko’proq, ko’p darajada, ko’p holda;

significantly- ahamiyatli;

scale- chokma, qaynab chiqqan ko’pik, mineral qoldiq;

danger- havf;

defensive- mudofa, mudofa holati;

appropriate- 1) to’g’ri keladigan, 2) xos, imkoniyat beruvchi, bakolatberuvchi;

enabling- дающий возможность; облекающий правом; уполномочивающий;

bouncing- tirik, kayfi chog’, shovqinli;

cashless- pulsiz, naqd puli bo’lmagan;

doubt- shubha, ikkilanish, qat’iyatsiz, noma’lumlik, mavhumlik;

layman- 1)qishloqli kishi 2) ustasi emas, havaskor;

overlap- qisman berkitish, birin ketin kirish, berkitish;

equipped- uskunalashtirilgan, jihozlangan;

rescue- qutqaruv;

stolen-o’g’irlash;

cargoes-yuklarni tashish;

anyone- 1)kimdir (so’roq gapda) , hech kim (inkor gapda) 2) har qanday, istalgan (ta’kid gapda)

1. Translate the text.

 2. Answer the questions.

1. What fields are satellite systems operated in?

2.  What possibilities do satellite systems have?

3.  What will satellite services be enable in future?

4. What is the heart of such systems?

5. What is technological convergence?

6. What kind of services will new global satellite-communications systems offer?

7. Why can’t business travelers use their mobile phones on international  trips?

8.  What massagers can  satellite systems carry?

9. What is tracking?

10. What is your opinion about satellite systems?

3.  Discuss this text with your friends.

4. Choose true or false.

a) Our world has become an increasingly  complex  place  in  which,  as

individuals.  (true, false).

b) .  An event in some distant part  of  the  globe  can  rapidly  and  significantly

affect the quality of life in our home country. (true, false).

c) Satellite  systems are not use in modern time. (true, false).

d) Satellite  systems are operating all around us  in  military,  civil,  commercial

and industrial fields. (true, false).

e) Satellite  systems are  able  to  carry only one call.   (true, false).

f) These  systems  are being  increasingly  adopted  to  provide   for   business   communications, including the  transmission  of  traffic  for  voice,  facsimile,  data  and vision. (true, false).

g)    It is probable that future  satellite  services  will  enable  a  great

variety  of  information  services  to  transmit  directly  into  the  home,

possibly including personalized electronic mail.  (true, false).

h)  The telecommunication  is at the heart of many such systems. (true, false).

i)   The new global satellite-communications systems will offer three  kinds

of service, which may overlap in many different kinds of receivers. (true, false).

k) .  Today’s  mobile  phones not depend on earth-bound transmitters,  whose  technical  standards  vary  from country to country. (true, false).

l)  Satellite  massagers  have  the  same  global  coverage  as

satellite telephones,  carry not text alone. (true, false).

5. Make a summary.

   Lesson 3

INTERNET

    The internet, a global computer  network  which  embraces  millions  of

users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as  a  military

experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent  over

the Internet  takes  the  shortest  path  available  from  one  computer  to

another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able  to

stay in touch with each other as long as there is  a  single  route  between

them. This technology is called packet swithing. Owing to  this  technology,

if some computers on the network are knocked out (by  a  nuclear  explosion,

for example), information will just  rout  around  them.  One  such  packet-

swithing network which has already survived a  war  is  the  Iraqi  computer

network which was not knocked out during the Gulf War.

    Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in  the  United

States, while the rest  are  located  in  more  than  100  other  countries.

Although the number of host computers  can  be  counted  fairly  accurately,

nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet,  there  are  millions

worldwide, and their number is growing by thousands each month.

    The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of  the  people,  who

have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and  receiving

e-mail messages. However,  other  popular  services  are  available  on  the

Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide-Web,  telnet,  FTP,  and

Gopher.

    In many developing countries the Internet may provide businessmen  with

a reliable alternative to the expensive  and  unreliable  telecommunications

systems of these countries. Commercial users can  communicate  cheaply  over

the Internet with the rest of the world. When  they  send  e-mail  messages,

they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers,  not

for calls across their countries or around the world. But who actually  pays

for sending e-mail messages over the Internet  long  distances,  around  the

world? The answer is  very  simple:  users  pay  their  service  provider  a

monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes toward its costs to connect  to

a larger service provider, and part  of  the  fee  received  by  the  larger

provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires  and

wireless stations.

    But saving money is only the first step. If people see  that  they  can

make  money  from  the  Internet,  commercial  use  of  this  network   will

drastically increase. For example, some western architecture  companies  and

garment centers already transmit their basic designs and refined by  skilled

– but inexpensive – Chinese computer-aided-design specialists.

    However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you

send an e-mail message  can  travel  through  many  different  networks  and

computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination  by

special computers called routers. However, because of this, it  is  possible

to get into any of the computers along the route, intercept and even  change

the data being sent over the Internet. In spite of the fact that  there  are

many good encoding programs available,  nearly  all  the  information  being

sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form   of  encoding,  i.e.

“in the clear”/ But when it becomes necessary to send important  information

over the network, these encoding programs may b useful. Some American  banks

and companies even conduct transactions over the  Internet.  However,  there

are still both commercial and technical problems which will take time to  be resolved.

Vocabulary

embrace – quloch,

survive- sabr - toqat

nuclear- yadroviy

route - yo’l;

switch- yoqish;

owe- egalik qilmoq, ega bo’lmoq;

fairly- chiroyli, yoqimli;

exactly-aniqligida; aniq; tartibli; roppa-rosa;

reliable - mustahkam; ishonchli;

toward- bo’layotgan; bo’lajak, bo’ladigan, qopqoq;

cover- qopqoq;

inexpensive- arzon, qimmat bo’lmagan

encoding- shifrlamoq, kodlashtirmoq;

necessary – zarur,kerakli,talab qilingan

transactions- yangilik; ishlar, bayonnomalar

resolved- qat’iyatli, qattiq

1. Translate the text.

2. Compose 8-10 questions to the text.

3.  Fill the gap with the appropriate words.

    a) The internet, a global … …which  embraces  millions  of

users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as  a  military

… .

b)     Information sent  over the …  takes  the  shortest  path  available  from  one  computer  to another.

c)       This … is called packet switching.

d)     Owing to  this  … , if some technology on the network are knocked out (by  a  nuclear  explosion, for example), information will just  rout  around  them.

e)        Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in  the  United

States, while the rest  are   … in  more  than  100  other  countries.

     f) Although the number of host computers  can  be  counted  fairly  accurately,

nobody knows exactly how many … use the Internet,  there  are  millions

worldwide, and their number is growing by thousands each month.

However,   other  … are  available  on  the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide-Web,  telnet,  FTP,  and Gopher.

   g) Commercial users can  … cheaply  over the Internet with the rest of the world.

     H)  When they   send  e-mail  messages, they only have to pay for … …to their local service providers,  not for calls across their countries or around the… .

    i) But who actually pays for sending e-mail … over the Internet long distances, around the world?

     j) But … money is only the first step.

     k)  If people see  that  they  can make  money  from  the  … ,  commercial  use  of  this  network   will drastically increase.

      l) The most important is security. When you send an … message  can  travel  through  many  different  networks  and computers.

      M)  In spite of the fact that there are many good … programs available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form   of encoding, i.e. “in the clear”.

    n) But when it becomes necessary to send important  information over the network, these encoding … may b useful. Some American  banks and companies even conduct transactions over the  Internet

Words.

computer  network

experiment

Internet

technology

technology

located

people

popular  services

communicate

phone calls

messages

world

saving

Internet

e-mail

encoding

programs

4. Write composition about Internet.

5. Make a summary.

Lesson 4

ADVANCING ROLE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN BANKING

    Role of telecommunications in banking as in other  businesses  nowadays

is extremely important. We can even say that this field is critical success

factor for the modern bank or banking system.

    There are two different approaches in terms of  ownership  to  building

banking communications in  the  world.  One approach that is chosen for

example by banking system of Uzbekistan  and  some  other  former  CIS countries is building of private  banking  networks  from  the  start.  This

approach has certain benefits, mainly  from  security  prospective.  On  the

other hand building private banking networks requires permanent and  serious

involvement  of   banks   in   financing,   support   and   development   of

telecommunications   systems.   Other   approach   is    building    banking

communications over existing public services in the country.  Some  of  main

benefits of this  approach  are  relatively  low  level  of  investments  in

communications and possibility of sharing achievements in  this  field  with

other businesses. At the same time in the  future  it  will  be  easier  for

central bank to minimize it's involvement is this field then in the case  of

private banking communication systems.

    There are number of most important banking systems  and  services  that

are based on communications.

    Electronic Funds  Transfer  System  -  System  facilitating  electronic

transfer  of  domestic  interbank  and   intrabank   (interbranch)   payment

instruments.

    International Financial Telecommunications  -  Same  as  EFTS  but  for

international operations.

    National Money  markets  and  auctions  -  System  allowing  electronic

trading of financial instruments and stocks within the banking system.

    Centralized  accounting  and  analysis  of   available   reserves   and

government budget across country

    Centralized electronic processing  of  personal  Credit-and-Debit  card

operations.

    The importance of fast and  reliable  electronic  information  exchange

between financial institutions grows with economy of  country  and  requires

deployment of modern technologies in the banking system.

Vocabulary

advance –oldinga harakat qilish;

bank –val,qirg’oq,bankka pul qo’yish;

extreme –keskin,eng oxitgi,chetdagi,chegara;

approach –yaqinlashish,yaqinlashmoq;

ownership –mulk,mulkchilik,egalik huquqi,ega bo’lish;

private –shaxsiy,xususiy;

benefit –foyda,naf,yordam,foyda keltirish;

prospect –ko’rinish,kelajakdagi rejalar,istiqbol;

require-talab qilmoq,buyurmoq,muhtoj bo’lmoq;

investments –pul qo’yish,sarmoya kiritish;

share –ulush,qism,baham ko’rmoq,bo’lishmoq;

achievement –yutuq,muvaffaqiyat,g’alaba;

involve –o’ramoq,chigallashtirmoq,buramoq;

domestic –uyga oid,oilaviy,ichki,mamlakat ichidagi;;

stocks –nav,ta’minlamoq,yetkazib bermoq;

account –raqam,hisob raqami;

reliable-mustahkam,ishonchli;

1. Translate the text.

2. Answer the questions.

1. What is the role of telecommunications in banking?

2. What are the approaches of communication’s development?

3. What is your opinion about the first approach?

4. What can you say about  another  approach?

5. What  are the main benefits of the second approach?

6. What is Electronic Funds  Transfer  System?

7. What are International Financial Telecommunications?

8. What are National Money  markets  and  auctions?

9. What are the most important banking systems  and  services   based on communications?

10. How  fast is   electronic  information  exchanged?

3.  Discuss this text in groups.

4. Choose true or false.

   a) Role of telecommunications in banking as in other  businesses  nowadays

is extremely important.  (true, false)

   b) There are five different approaches in terms of  ownership  to  building

banking communications in  the  world.  (true, false)

    c) One  approach  that  is  chosen  for example by banking system of Uzbekistan  and  some  other  former  SNG countries is building of private  banking  networks  from  the  start.  (true, false)

    d)   Other   approach   is    building    banking communications over existing personal services in the world. (true, false)

     f) Some  of  main benefits of this  approach  are  relatively  low  level  of  investments  in communications and possibility of sharing achievements in  this  field  with other businesses. (true, false)

g) At the same time in the  future  it  will  be  easier  for

central bank to minimize it's involvement is this field then in the case  of

private banking communication systems. (true, false)

      h)  There are one of most important banking systems  and  services  that

are based on communications. (true, false)

       i)  There are number of most important banking systems  and  services  that

are based on communications:

    Electronic Funds Transfer

    International Financial Telecommunications

    National Money markets

    Centralized accounting and analysis

    Centralized electronic processing of personal Credit-and-Debit card

operations. ( true, false)

      j) National Money markets and auctions  -  System  allowing  electronic

trading of financial instruments and stocks within the banking system. (true, false)

     k) International Financial Telecommunications  - System  facilitating  electronic

transfer  of  domestic  interbank  and   intrabank   (interbranch)   payment

instruments. (true, false)

      l)  The importance of fast and  reliable  electronic  information  exchange

between financial institutions grows with economy of  country  and  requires

deployment of modern technologies in the banking system. (true, false)

5. Make a summary of the text.

Lesson 5

FUTURE OF DEVELOPMENT

    Future is speed and power. New technologies in electronics continue  to

develop. Computers become more compact, fast and  inexpensive.  The  smaller

chips' size the closer it placed one another and electric signal  goes  much

faster. Technology exert revolutionary influence on society only when it  is

universal.  Real  revolution  in  manufacture,  accumulation,  treatment  of

matter begins when  first  universal  metal-working  machines  appeared  and

telecommunication systems were created. In ancient  machines  energy  source

was combined with machine itself, but in process  of  development,  division

of manufacture, transmission and consumption of energy took place.

    Revolutionary modifications in use of energy connected with  appearance

of  universal  electric  machines  and  power  grids.  Social   changes   to

informational society take in all countries.

    On base of analogy between matter, energy and information we  can  have

ideas about future. Earlier,  for  example,  number  of  manufactured  metal

played the strategic role and was the description  of  development.  Now  we

save metal, energy and we think about energy saving technologies.

    It  is  very  difficult  to  predict  many  steps  of  normalization.

Telecommunications changes world very much.

Vocabulary

power- quvvat,kuch;

inexpensive-arzon,qimmat emas;

chip- chip,mikrosxema;

exert-zo’r bermoq ,chiranmoq;

influence – ta’sir, ta’sir ko’rsatish;

accumulate-to’plamoq,yig’moq;

treatment- davolash,muomala qilish;

matter- modda,materiya,ish,masala;

appear- paydo bo’lmoq;

grid-yuqori kuchlanish tarmog’i;

combined-kombinatsiyalashgan,hisoblash;

division-taqsimlash;

ancient- qadimgi,qadimiy;

predict-bashorat qilmoq;

1. Translate the text.

2. Make up 4 types of questions.

3.  Insert pass words in this text.

a) Future is … and power.

 b) New … in electronics continue  to develop.

c)    Computers become more compact, fast and ….

 d)    The smaller … size the closer it placed one another and electric signal  goes  much faster.

 e)    Technology exert … influence on society only when it  is

universal.

  f)   Real revolution in manufacture,  accumulation,  treatment  of

matter begins when  first  …   metal-working  machines  appeared  and

telecommunication systems were created.

  g)    In ancient  machines  energy  source was combined with machine itself, but in process  of  development,  … … , transmission and consumption of energy took place.

   h)  Revolutionary modifications in use of energy … with  appearance

of  universal  electric  machines  and  power  grids.

Social   changes   to informational … take in all countries.

   i)  On base of analogy between matter, energy and information we  can  have

ideas about future.

    j)   Earlier,  for  example… …  metal played the strategic role and was the description  of  development.

    k)  Now  we save metal, … and we think about energy saving technologies.

    l)     It  is  very  difficult  to  predict  many  steps  of

Telecommunications changes world very much.

 Words

revolutionary

number  of  manufactured

informatization.

speed

technologies

inexpensive

connected

energy

 chips'

division of manufacture

universal

society

5. Make a summary of the text.

Lesson 6

                                        CONCLUSION

    In each  device  developed  by  human,  collection  and  processing  of

information take place. Even simple soda water apparatus  when  it  receives

money, this apparatus collect and analyze information about  coin  and  then

either  return  the  coin  or  give  glass  of  soda  water.  In  that   way

telecommunications may change us and world in future.

    Nobody knows what our future will be like. Some  people  say  that  big

spacecrafts will be built and that people will  visit  distant  planets  and

make their settlements there.  Some  people  say  that  technology  will  be

developed to such an extent that computers will control  the  world.  Others

think that there will be world disasters floods,  droughts  and  earthquakes

alike - and that they will destroy the human race. Christians  believe  that

the end of the world is near and that the God will come  to  part  the  good

people from the bad ones. There are people who believe that  pollution  will

cause the decline and fall of the mankind and there are  those  who  predict

that a gigantic shooting star will crash into the Earth at the turn  of  the

century. Some people claim that alliens are planning to attack and  turn  us

into their slaves.

    So, is there, after all, a slight chance that people will finally  come

to their senses and that there will be at least no starvation and wars?

    I think that bright future is in front of us. Just take a quick  glance

through history and you will realize it too: in ancient times people  killed

each other in order to have meat for  dinner,  later  in  order  to  satisfy

their own vanity and today without any reason at all. As you can notice,  we

are developing very fast! Neighbors are killing each other out  of  boredom;

mothers are killing their newborn babies out of some  little  sick  reasons.

Isn’t it obvious  that  we  are  considerably  improving  species  which  is

getting wiser every day?

    If we try to make this world better we shall succeed. But, are we ready

to do it now? Are we really environment friendly  while  not  recycling  but

just piling rubbish in the middle of  once  green  meadows,  while  shooting

bears and foxes just because of their  fur?  Are  we  really  worried  about

thousands of hungry people while we are throwing away fresh food in  garbage

bins? Do we really care about  all  those  thirsty  children  while  we  are

splashing  about  in  swimming  pools?  Are  we   really   concerned   about

dangerously polluted air our descendants will have to inhale  while  we  are

driving happily our flashy cars? Can we even try to imagine the ugliness  of

the desert we are going to leave to our grandchildren?

    It could be estimated that an average person spends  a  minute  a  year

thinking about the future of our planet and  I  do  not  know  if  I  should

compliment this or not. Is it an achievement after all?

    I express my gratitude for devoting people’s lives to saving our future

world by making other people aware that the appalling  problems  of  poverty

and arms build-up should be dealt with  soon  and  that,  among  many  other

things, our seas and forests deserve more  protection  than  they  get.  The

only way we can show the Earth our respect is to  change  our  attitude  and

behavior before it is too late. So let’s do it now.

Vocabulary

device -reja,sxema,proekt,qurilma;

process - jarayon;

apparatus-apparat,asbob;

coin –tanga,chaqa;

settlements-manzilgoh,joy,makon,yechim;

extent-masofa,o’lcham,miqdor,ko’lam;

disasters- falokat,musibat,og’ir ahvol;

drought- qirg’oqchilik;

earthquakes-zilzila;

alike-o’xshash,aynan;

destroy-buzmoq,vayron qilmoq;

decline-qisqarish,arzonlashish,qaytarmoq;

mankind-insoniylik;

predict-bashorat qilmoq;

shoot- otmoq;

claim-talab,talab qilmoq;

alien-chet ellik,begona;

slave-qul,asir;

slight-yengil,e’tiborga molik bo’lmagan;

chance – imkoniyat,tasodif;

satisfy-qanoatlantirmoq,to’g’ri kelmoq;

vanity-ortiqcha harakat;

notice- e’tibor berish,payqash;

considerably-muhim,ahamiyatli;

environment-atrof-muhit;

fox –tulki;

garbage-ahlat;

splash-sachratmoq;

concern –munosabat,aloqa,firma,korxona,muhimlik,tasniflanish;

descendant-avlod,zurriyot;

1. Translate the text.

  2.  Discuss this text in groups.

    4.  Insert pass words in this text.

a) In  that   way … may change us and world in future.

Nobody knows what our future will be like.

b) Some  people  say  that  big … will be built and that people will  visit  distant  planets  and make their … there.

c) There are … who believe that  pollution  will cause the decline and fall of the mankind and there are  those  who  … that a gigantic shooting star will crash into the Earth at the … of  the century.

  d) Some people claim that alliens are … to attack and  turn  us

into their slaves.

    e) But, are we … to do it now? Are we … environment friendly  while  not  recycling  but just … rubbish in the … of  once  green  meadows,  while  shooting bears and foxes just because of their  fur?

     f) I … my gratitude for devoting people’s … to saving our future

world by making other people aware that the appalling  problems  of  poverty

and arms … should be dealt with  soon  and  that,  among  many  other

things, our seas and … deserve more  …   than  they  get.

telecommunications

spacecrafts

settlements

people

predict

turn

planning

really

ready

middle

piling

express

lives

build-up

forests

protection

5. Make a summary of the text.

UNIT 2

Lesson 1

Telecommunication

Copy of the original phone of Alexander Graham Bell at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris

Telecommunication is the assisted transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smoke signals, drums, semaphore, flags, or heliograph. In modern times, telecommunication typically involves the use of electronic transmitters such as the telephone, television, radio or computer. Early inventors in the field of telecommunication include Antonio Meucci, Alexander Graham Bell, Guglielmo Marconi and John Logie Baird. Telecommunication is an important part of the world economy and the telecommunication industry’s revenue has been placed at just under 3 percent of the gross world product.

Basic elements

A telecommunication system consists of three basic elements:

a transmitter that takes information and converts it to a signal;
a transmission medium that carries the signal; and,
a receiver that receives the signal and converts it back into usable information.

For example, in a radio broadcast the broadcast tower is the transmitter, free space is the transmission medium and the radio is the receiver. Often telecommunication systems are two-way with a single device acting as both a transmitter and receiver or transceiver. For example, a mobile phone is a transceiver.

Telecommunication over a phone line is called point-to-point communication because it is between one transmitter and one receiver. Telecommunication through radio broadcasts is called broadcast communication because it is between one powerful transmitter and numerous receivers

Analogue or digital

Signals can be either analogue or digital. In an analogue signal, the signal is varied continuously with respect to the information. In a digital signal, the information is encoded as a set of discrete values (for example ones and zeros). During transmission the information contained in analogue signals will be degraded by noise. Conversely, unless the noise exceeds a certain threshold, the information contained in digital signals will remain intact. This noise resistance represents a key advantage of digital signals over analogue signals.

Networks

A collection of transmitters, receivers or transceivers that communicate with each other is known as a network. Digital networks may consist of one or more routers that route information to the correct user. An analogue network may consist of one or more switches that establish a connection between two or more users. For both types of network, repeaters may be necessary to amplify or recreate the signal when it is being transmitted over long distances. This is to combat attenuation that can render the signal indistinguishable from noise.^[5]

Channels

A channel is a division in a transmission medium so that it can be used to send multiple streams of information. For example, a radio station may broadcast at 96.1 MHz while another radio station may broadcast at 94.5 MHz. In this case, the medium has been divided by frequency and each channel has received a separate frequency to broadcast on. Alternatively, one could allocate each channel a recurring segment of time over which to broadcast — this is known as time-division multiplexing and is sometimes used in digital communication.^[5]

Modulation

The shaping of a signal to convey information is known as modulation. Modulation can be used to represent a digital message as an analogue waveform. This is known as keying and several keying techniques exist (these include phase-shift keying, frequency-shift keying and amplitude-shift keying). Bluetooth, for example, uses phase-shift keying to exchange information between devices.

Modulation can also be used to transmit the information of analogue signals at higher frequencies. This is helpful because low-frequency analogue signals cannot be effectively transmitted over free space. Hence the information from a low-frequency analogue signal must be superimposed on a higher-frequency signal (known as a carrier wave) before transmission. There are several different modulation schemes available to achieve this (two of the most basic being amplitude modulation and frequency modulation). An example of this process is a DJ’s voice being superimposed on a 96 MHz carrier wave using frequency modulation (the voice would then be received on a radio as the channel “96 FM”).^[8]

VOCABULARY

Telecommunication

Тo assist – yordamlashmoq, yordam bermoq, ko’maklashmoq

Transmission – o’tkazish, radio yoki televizor orqali beriladigan eshittirish

Purpose – maqsad

To involve – o’z ichiga olmoq, qamrab olmoq

Revenue – daromad

Receiver – qabul qiluvchi

Broadcast – radioeshittirish

Both – o’sha va boshqasi, ikkalasi

Transceiver – qabul qilish-uzatish qurilmasi

Digital – raqamli

To vary – almashtirmoq

To encode – kodlamoq

Value – ahamiyat, qiymat

Threshold – bo’sag’a, ostona

Router – marshrutizator

Switch – kommutator

Attenuation – so’nishi

Indistinguishable – farqlab bo’lmaydigan, ajratib bo’lmaydigan

Frequency – chastota

To allocate – tarqalishini cheklamoq, ma’lum joyda to’xtatmoq

To superimpose – qo’ymoq, qoplamoq, tuzatmoq

To scheme – loyihalar tuzmoq

QUESTIONS

Telecommunication

1. What is telecommunication?

2. What are three basic elements of telecommunication system ?

3. How is telecommunication over a phone line called?

4. What kind of signals do you know?

5. What is a network?

6. What is a channel?

7. What can a modulation be used for?

8. What do we use to exchange information between devices?

Make up sentences with italic words and words combinations of the text.?

Lesson 2

Society and telecommunication

Telecommunication is an important part of modern society. In 2006, estimates placed the telecommunication industry's revenue at $1.2 trillion or just under 3% of the gross world product (official exchange rate).

On the microeconomic scale, companies have used telecommunication to help build global empires. This is self-evident in the case of online retailer Amazon.com but, according to academic Edward Lenert, even the conventional retailer Wal-Mart has benefited from better telecommunication infrastructure compared to its competitors. In cities throughout the world, home owners use their telephones to organize many home services ranging from pizza deliveries to electricians. Even relatively poor communities have been noted to use telecommunication to their advantage. In Bangladesh's Narshingdi district, isolated villagers use cell phones to speak directly to wholesalers and arrange a better price for their goods. In Cote d'Ivoire, coffee growers share mobile phones to follow hourly variations in coffee prices and sell at the best price.

On the macroeconomic scale, Lars-Hendrik Röller and Leonard Waverman suggested a causal link between good telecommunication infrastructure and economic growth. Few dispute the existence of a correlation although some argue it is wrong to view the relationship as causal.

Due to the economic benefits of good telecommunication infrastructure, there is increasing worry about the digital divide. This is because the world's population does not have equal access to telecommunication systems. A 2003 survey by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) revealed that roughly one-third of countries have less than 1 mobile subscription for every 20 people and one-third of countries have less than 1 fixed line subscription for every 20 people. In terms of Internet access, roughly half of all countries have less than 1 in 20 people with Internet access. From this information, as well as educational data, the ITU was able to compile an index that measures the overall ability of citizens to access and use information and communication technologies. Using this measure, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland received the highest ranking while the African countries Niger, Burkina Faso and Mali received the lowest.

VOCABULARY

Society and telecommunication

Estimate – baho, smeta

Scale – masshtab, ko’lam

Benefit – foyda, naf

To compare – taqqoslamoq, solishtirmoq, qiyoslamoq

To isolate – ayirmoq, ajratmoq, izolyatsilamoq

To arrange – tayyorlamoq

Causal – sababli

Correlation – o’zaro nisbat, o’zaro munosabat, o’zaro bog’lanish

To argue – bahslashmoq, tortishmoq

Due – aniq, aynan, to’g’ri

To rank – tasniflamoq, klassifikatsiyalamoq

QUESTIONS

Society and telecommunication

1. Companies have used telecommunication, haven’t they ? What for?

2. What countries did receive the highest ranking?

3. What countries did receive the lowest ranking?

4. Where was telecommunication industry’s revenue placed in 2006?

5. What companies is telecommunication used for?

Lesson 3

History of telecommunication.

Early telecommunications

A replica of one of Chapel’s semaphore towers.

Early forms of telecommunication include smoke signals and drums. Drums were used by natives in Africa, New Guinea and South America whereas smoke signals were used by natives in North America and China. Contrary to what one might think, these systems were often used to do more than merely announce the presence of a camp.

In the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single bit of information, so the meaning of the message such as "The enemy has been sighted" had to be agreed upon in advance. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, when a beacon chain relayed a signal from Plymouth to London.

In 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system (or semaphore line) between Lille and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres (six to nineteen miles). As a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880.

Telegraph and telephone

The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed by Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke and opened on 9 April 1839. Both Wheatstone and Cooke viewed their device as "an improvement to the [existing] electromagnetic telegraph" not as a new device.

Samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2 September 1837. His code was an important advance over Wheatstone's signaling method. The first transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully completed on 27 July 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.

The conventional telephone was invented independently by Alexander Bell and Elisha Gray in 1876.Antonio Meucci invented the first device that allowed the electrical transmission of voice over a line in 1849. However Meucci's device was of little practical value because it relied upon the electrophonic effect and thus required users to place the receiver in their mouth to “hear” what was being said. The first commercial telephone services were set-up in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London.

Radio and television

In 1832, James Lindsay gave a classroom demonstration of wireless telegraphy to his students. By 1854, he was able to demonstrate a transmission across the Firth of Tay from Dundee, Scotland to Woodhaven, a distance of two miles (3 km), using water as the transmission medium.^[27] In December 1901, Guglielmo Marconi established wireless communication between St. John's, Newfoundland (Canada) and Poldhu, Cornwall (England), earning him the 1909 Nobel Prize in physics (which he shared with Karl Braun).^[28] However small-scale radio communication had already been demonstrated in 1893 by Nikola Tesla in a presentation to the National Electric Light Association.^[29]

On March 25, 1925, John Logie Baird was able to demonstrate the transmission of moving pictures at the London department store Selfridges. Baird's device relied upon the Nipkow disk and thus became known as the mechanical television. It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the British Broadcasting Corporation beginning September 30, 1929.^[30] However, for most of the twentieth century televisions depended upon the cathode ray tube invented by Karl Braun. The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by Philo Farnsworth and demonstrated to his family on September 7, 1927.^[31]

Computer networks and the Internet

On September 11, 1940, George Stibitz was able to transmit problems using teletype to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and receive the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.^[32] This configuration of a centralized computer or mainframe with remote dumb terminals remained popular throughout the 1950s. However, it was not until the 1960s that researchers started to investigate packet switching — a technology that would allow chunks of data to be sent to different computers without first passing through a centralized mainframe. A four-node network emerged on December 5, 1969; this network would become ARPANET, which by 1981 would consist of 213 nodes.

ARPANET's development centred around the Request for Comment process and on April 7, 1969, RFC 1 was published. This process is important because ARPANET would eventually merge with other networks to form the Internet and many of the protocols the Internet relies upon today were specified through the Request for Comment process. In September 1981, RFC 791 introduced the Internet Protocol v4 (IPv4) and RFC 793 introduced the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) — thus creating the TCP/IP protocol that much of the Internet relies upon today.

However, not all important developments were made through the Request for Comment process. Two popular link protocols for local area networks (LANs) also appeared in the 1970s. A patent for the token ring protocol was filed by Olof Soderblom on October 29, 1974 and a paper on the Ethernet protocol was published by Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs in the July 1976 issue of Communications of the ACM.^[34][35]

VOCABULARY

To announce – ma’lum qilmoq, xabar qilmoq

To rely – lozim bo’lmoq, joiz bo’lmoq

Cathode – katod

Compute – elektor hisoblash mashinasi

Mainframe – asosiy tuzilishi

Remain – qoldiq

To investigate – tekshirmoq, o’rganmoq

Chunk – bo’lak, parcha, bir bo’lak

Node – bog’lama, uzel

Eventually – oxir oqibat

To merge – yutilmoq

To issue – kelib chiqmoq

QUESTIONS

1. What are early forms of telecommunication?

2. Who was the first fixed visual telegraphy system between Lille and Paris built by?

3. When was this system built?

4. Who was constructed the first commercial electrical telegraph, and when?

5. What did Alexander Bell invent in 1876?

6. When did James Lindsay give a classroom demonstration?

7. What is the first network?

Lesson 4

Modern operation. Part 1. Telephone

Optical fibre provides cheaper bandwidth for long distance communication

In an analogue telephone network, the caller is connected to the person he wants to talk to by switches at various telephone exchanges. The switches form an electrical connection between the two users and the setting of these switches is determined electronically when the caller dials the number. Once the connection is made, the caller's voice is transformed to an electrical signal using a small microphone in the caller's handset. This electrical signal is then sent through the network to the user at the other end where it transformed back into sound by a small speaker in that person's handset. There is a separate electrical connection that works in reverse, allowing the users to converse.

The fixed-line telephones in most residential homes are analogue — that is, the speaker's voice directly determines the signal's voltage. Although short-distance calls may be handled from end-to-end as analogue signals, increasingly telephone service providers are transparently converting the signals to digital for transmission before converting them back to analogue for reception. The advantage of this is that digitized voice data can travel side-by-side with data from the Internet and can be perfectly reproduced in long distance communication (as opposed to analogue signals that are inevitably impacted by noise).

Mobile phones have had a significant impact on telephone networks. Mobile phone subscriptions now outnumber fixed-line subscriptions in many markets. Sales of mobile phones in 2005 totalled 816.6 million with that figure being almost equally shared amongst the markets of Asia/Pacific (204 m), Western Europe (164 m), CEMEA (Central Europe, the Middle East and Africa) (153.5 m), North America (148 m) and Latin America (102 m). In terms of new subscriptions over the five years from 1999, Africa has outpaced other markets with 58.2% growth. Increasingly these phones are being serviced by systems where the voice content is transmitted digitally such as GSM or W-CDMA with many markets choosing to depreciate analogue systems such as AMPS

There have also been dramatic changes in telephone communication behind the scenes. Starting with the operation of TAT-8 in 1988, the 1990s saw the widespread adoption of systems based on optic fibres. The benefit of communicating with optic fibres is that they offer a drastic increase in data capacity. TAT-8 itself was able to carry 10 times as many telephone calls as the last copper cable laid at that time and today's optic fibre cables are able to carry 25 times as many telephone calls as TAT-8.This increase in data capacity is due to

several factors: First, optic fibres are physically much smaller than competing technologies. Second, they do not suffer from crosstalk which means several hundred of them can be easily bundled together in a single cable. Lastly, improvements in multiplexing have led to an exponential growth in the data capacity of a single fibre.

Assisting communication across many modern optic fibre networks is a protocol known as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). The ATM protocol allows for the side-by-side data transmission mentioned in the second paragraph. It is suitable for public telephone networks because it establishes a pathway for data through the network and associates a traffic contract with that pathway. The traffic contract is essentially an agreement between the client and the network about how the network is to handle the data; if the network cannot meet the conditions of the traffic contract it does not accept the connection. This is important because telephone calls can negotiate a contract so as to guarantee themselves a constant bit rate, something that will ensure a caller's voice is not delayed in parts or cut-off completely. There are competitors to ATM, such as Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), that perform a similar task and are expected to supplant ATM in the future.

Modern operation (Telephone)

To determine – aniqlamoq, belgilamoq, o’rnatmoq

Dial – siferblat

Reverse- teskari, qarama-qarshi, zid

Residential – turar joy binosi tuzilgan

Significant – muhim, ahamiyatli, zarur

To depreciate – qadrsiz qilib yubormoq, beqadr qilmoq

Fiber – tola

Drastic – keskin, kuchli, qattiq

Capacity – sig’imlilik, quvvat, hajm

To suffer – chidamoq

Mention – eslash, mulohaza

QUESTIONS

Modern operation (Telephone)

1. What can you say about an analogue telephone network?

2. How do mobile phones influence on telephone network?

3. What is ATM?

4. What can you say about GSM?

5. What are advantages of fiber optic?

Lesson 5

Modern operation. Part 2. Radio and television

Digital television standards and their adoption worldwide.

In a broadcast system, a central high-powered broadcast tower transmits a high-frequency electromagnetic wave to numerous low-powered receivers. The high-frequency wave sent by the tower is modulated with a signal containing visual or audio information. The antenna of the receiver is then tuned so as to pick up the high-frequency wave and a demodulator is used to retrieve the signal containing the visual or audio information. The broadcast signal can be either analogue (signal is varied continuously with respect to the information) or digital (information is encoded as a set of discrete values).

The broadcast media industry is at a critical turning point in its development, with many countries moving from analogue to digital broadcasts. This move is made possible by the production of cheaper, faster and more capable integrated circuits. The chief advantage of digital broadcasts is that they prevent a number of complaints with traditional analogue broadcasts. For television, this includes the elimination of problems such as snowy pictures, ghosting and other distortion. These occur because of the nature of analogue transmission, which means that perturbations due to noise will be evident in the final output. Digital transmission overcomes this problem because digital signals are reduced to discrete values upon reception and hence small perturbations do not affect the final output. In a simplified example, if a binary message 1011 was transmitted with signal amplitudes [1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0] and received with signal amplitudes [0.9 0.2 1.1 0.9] it would still decode to the binary message 1011 — a perfect reproduction of what was sent. From this example, a problem with digital transmissions can also be seen in that if the noise is great enough it can significantly alter the decoded message. Using forward error correction a receiver can correct a handful of bit errors in the resulting message but too much noise will lead to incomprehensible output and hence a breakdown of the transmission.

In digital television broadcasting, there are three competing standards that are likely to be adopted worldwide. These are the ATSC, DVB and ISDB standards; the adoption of these standards thus far is presented in the captioned map. All three standards use MPEG-2 for video compression. ATSC uses Dolby Digital AC-3 for audio compression, ISDB uses Advanced Audio Coding (MPEG-2 Part 7) and DVB has no standard for audio compression but typically uses MPEG-1 Part 3 Layer 2. The choice of modulation also varies between the schemes. In digital audio broadcasting, standards are much more unified with practically all countries choosing to adopt the Digital Audio Broadcasting standard (also known as the Eureka 147 standard). The exception being the United States which has chosen to adopt HD Radio. HD Radio, unlike Eureka 147, is based upon a transmission method known as in-band on-channel transmission that allows digital information to "piggyback" on normal AM or FM analogue transmissions.

However, despite the pending switch to digital, analogue receivers still remain widespread. Analogue television is still transmitted in practically all countries. The United States had hoped to end analogue broadcasts on December 31, 2006; however, this was recently pushed back to February 17, 2009.For analogue television, there are three standards in use (see a map on adoption here). These are known as PAL, NTSC and SECAM. For analogue radio, the switch to digital is made more difficult by the fact that analogue receivers are a fraction of the cost of digital receivers. The choice of modulation for analogue radio is typically between amplitude modulation (AM) or frequency modulation (FM). To achieve stereo playback, an amplitude modulated subcarrier is used for stereo FM.

Modern operation (Radio and television)

To retrieve – ega bo’lmoq (qayta)

Perturbation – notinchlik, tartibsizlik

To emerge – yuzaga kelmoq, paydo bo’lmoq

Compression – siqilishi, qisqarishi, kompressiya

To vary – o’zgarmoq

To adopt – qatnashmoq, qabul qilmoq

Despite – hech narsaga qaramasdan

To derive – kelib chiqish

Imminent – yaqin, tahdid qiladigan

QUESTIONS

Modern operation (Radio and television)

1. What can you say about broadcast system?

2. What does FM mean?

3. What are advantages of digital broadcasts?

4. Where does the choice modulation vary?

5. What does amplitude modulation mean?

Lesson 6

Modern operation. Part 3. The Internet

The OSI reference model

The Internet is a worldwide network of computers and computer networks that can communicate with each other using the Internet Protocol. Any computer on the Internet has a unique IP address that can be used by other computers to route information to it. Hence, any computer on the Internet can send a message to any other computer using its IP address. These messages carry with them the originating computer's IP address allowing for two-way communication. In this way, the Internet can be seen as an exchange of messages between computers.

An estimated 16.9% of the world population has access to the Internet with the highest access rates (measured as a percentage of the population) in North America (69.7%), Oceania/Australia (53.5%) and Europe (38.9%). In terms of broadband access, England (89%), Iceland (26.7%), South Korea (25.4%) and the Netherlands (25.3%) lead the world.

The Internet works in part because of protocols that govern how the computers and routers communicate with each other. The nature of computer network communication lends itself to a layered approach where individual protocols in the protocol stack run more-or-less independently of other protocols. This allows lower-level protocols to be customized for the network situation while not changing the way higher-level protocols operate. A practical example of why this is important is because it allows an Internet browser to run the same code regardless of whether the computer it is running on is connected to the Internet through an Ethernet or Wi-Fi connection. Protocols are often talked about in terms of their place in the OSI reference model (pictured on the right), which emerged in 1983 as the first step in an unsuccessful attempt to build a universally adopted networking protocol suite.

For the Internet, the physical medium and data link protocol can vary several times as packets traverse the globe. This is because the Internet places no constraints on what physical medium or data link protocol is used. This leads to the adoption of media and protocols that best suit the local network situation. In practice, most intercontinental communication will use the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol (or a modern equivalent) on top of optic fibre. This is because for most intercontinental communication the Internet shares the same infrastructure as the public switched telephone network.

At the network layer, things become standardized with the Internet Protocol (IP) being adopted for logical addressing. For the world wide web, these “IP addresses” are derived from the human readable form using the Domain Name System (e.g. 72.14.207.99 is derived from www.google.com). At the moment, the most widely used version of the Internet Protocol is version four but a move to version six is imminent.

At the transport layer, most communication adopts either the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP is used when it is essential every message sent is received by the other computer where as UDP is used when it is merely desirable. With TCP, packets are retransmitted if they are lost and placed in order before they are presented to higher layers. With UDP, packets are not ordered or retransmitted if lost. Both TCP and UDP packets carry port numbers with them to specify what application or process the packet should be handled by. Because certain application-level protocols use certain ports, network administrators can restrict Internet access by blocking the traffic destined for a particular port.

Above the transport layer, there are certain protocols that are sometimes used and loosely fit in the session and presentation layers, most notably the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols. These protocols ensure that the data transferred between two parties remains completely confidential and one or the other is in use when a padlock appears at the bottom of your web browser.Finally, at the application layer, are many of the protocols Internet users would be familiar with such as HTTP (web browsing), POP3 (e-mail), FTP (file transfer), IRC (Internet chat), BitTorrent (file sharing) and OSCAR (instant messaging).

Modern operation (The Internet)

Access –kiradigan joy

To govern – boshqarish

Approach – yaqinlashish

Attempt – urinish

Traverse – kelib chiqish

Essential – kerakli,zarur

Merely – faqat

To restrict – cheklanmoq

Notably – juda,avvalo

Instant – lahza,on

Modern operation (The Internet)

1. What is the Internet?

2. What were things in the network standardized with?

3. What can you say about the world population access to the Internet?

4. What organizations have adopted communication at the transport layer?

5. What can you say about HTTP?

Lesson 7

Modern operation. Part 4.Local area networks

Despite the growth of the Internet, the characteristics of local area networks (computer networks that run at most a few kilometres) remain distinct. This is because networks on this scale do not require all the features associated with larger networks and are often more cost-effective and efficient without them.

In the mid-1980s, several protocol suites emerged to fill the gap between the data link and applications layer of the OSI reference model. These were Appletalk, IPX and NetBIOS with the dominant protocol suite during the early 1990s being IPX due to its popularity with MS-DOS users. TCP/IP existed at this point but was typically only used by large government and research facilities. As the Internet grew in popularity and a larger percentage of traffic became Internet-related, local area networks gradually moved towards TCP/IP and today networks mostly dedicated to TCP/IP traffic are common. The move to TCP/IP was helped by technologies such as DHCP that allowed TCP/IP clients to discover their own network address — a functionality that came standard with the AppleTalk/IPX/NetBIOS protocol suites.

It is at the data link layer though that most modern local area networks diverge from the Internet. Whereas Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) are typical data link protocols for larger networks, Ethernet and Token Ring are typical data link protocols for local area networks. These protocols differ from the former protocols in that they are simpler (e.g. they omit features such as Quality of Service guarantees) and offer collision prevention. Both of these differences allow for more economic set-ups.

Despite the modest popularity of Token Ring in the 80's and 90's, virtually all local area networks now use wired or wireless Ethernet. At the physical layer, most wired Ethernet implementations use copper twisted-pair cables (including the common 10BASE-T networks). However, some early implementations used coaxial cables and some recent implementations (especially high-speed ones) use optic fibres. Optic fibres are also likely to feature prominently in the forthcoming 10-gigabit Ethernet implementations. Where optic fibre is used, the distinction must be made between multi-mode fibre and single-mode fibre. Multi-mode fibre can be thought of as thicker optical fibre that is cheaper to manufacture but that suffers from less usable bandwidth and greater attenuation (i.e. poor long-distance performance).

Modern operation (Local area networks)

Distinct – ayrim,alohida

Feature – o’ziga xos xususiyat

Suite – komplekt

Dominant – eng muhim

Percentage – foiz,qism

To dedicate – xabardor qilmoq

Prevention – oldini olish

Implementation – ta’minot,singdirmoq

To ensure – ta’minlamoq

Prominently – mashxur

QUESTIONS

Modern operation (Local area networks)

1. What are characteristics of local area networks now?

2. How can you explain the ATM and MPLS?

3. What kinds of fiber are used in the local area networks?

4. What kinds of protocols do you know? Describe them.

5. What is the difference between protocols?

Unit 3

NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB

(FE'LNING SHAXSI NОМА 'LUM SHAKLLARI)

1. Fe'lning shaxsi noma'lum shtakllari shaxsi, sonni va maylni ifodalamaydi, shuning uchun ham ular gapda kesim bo'lib kela olmaydi.

2 Fe'lning shaxsi noma'lum shiakllarining ikkita xususiyati bor; otlik va fe'llik. Sifatdoshda fe'llik va sifatdoshda fellik va sifatlik xususiyatlari mavjud. Gerundiy va infinitivda fe'llik va otlik xususiyatlari mavjud.

The infinitive (Infinite Umumiy ma'lumotlar)

Infinitiv fe'lning shaxsi noma'lum shakli bo'lib, harakat nomini bildiradi; shaxsini ham, sonini ham ko'rsatmaydi. Infinitivning ko'rsatkichi tarjima qilinmaydigan va urg'u olmaydigan to yuklamasidir.

Infinitive otning ko'pgina xususiyatlariga ega bo’lib, gapda quyidagi vazifalarda keladi:

1. Ega bo'lib keladi:

To skate is pleasant. Yaxmalak uchish yoqimli.

2. Ot-kesim tarkibida keladi:

Your duty was to inform me about Bu haqda menga zudlik bilan xa-
it immediately. bar qilish sizning burchingiz edi.

3. Fe'l kesim tarkibida keladi:

She began to translate the article. U maqolani tarjima qila boshladi.

4. To'ldiruvchi bo'lib keladi:

I asked him to help me. Men undan menga yordam beri-

shini so’radim.

5. Aniqlovchi bo'lib keladi:

He expressed a desire to help me U menga yordam berish istagini bildirdi.

6. Hol bo'lib keladi:
I went to the station to see off a Men bir do'stimni kuzatgani stan-
friend. siyaga bordim.

Infinitivning fe'llik xususiyatlari quyidagilarda ko'rinadi:

1. Infinitiv o'zidan keyin vositasiz to'ldiruvchi olishi mumkin:

I told him to post the letter. Men unga xatni jo'natishni ayt-

dim.

2. Infinitiv ravish bilan aniqlanishi mumkin:

I asked him to speak slowly. Men undan sekin gapirishni so'ra-

dim.

3. Infinitivning zamon va nisbat shakllari mavjud.

Ingliz tilida o'timli fe'llarning oddiy nisbatda to'rtta shakli va majhul nisbatda ikkita shakli mavjud:

	Active	Passive
Simple	to ask	to be asked
Continuous	to be asking	—
Perfect	to have asked	to have been asked
Perfect Continuous	to have been asking	—

INFINITIV SHAKLLARINING YASALISHI

1. Simple Infinitive Active - to ask — infinitivning oddiy shaklidir. Lug'atda shu shakl (to siz) beriladi. Qolgan hamma shakllar murakkab shakllardir.

2. Continuous Infinitive Active to be fe'li va asosiy fe'lning Present Participle shakli yordamida yasaladi: to be asking.

3. Perfect Infinitive Active to have fe'li va asosiy fe'lning Past Participle shakli yordamida yasaladi: to have asked.

4.Perfect Continuous Infinitive Active to be fe'lining Perfect Infinitive shakli — to have been — va asosiy fe'lning Present Participle shakli yordamida yasaladi: to have been asking.

5. Simple Infinitive Passive to be fe'lining shakli va asosiy fe'lning Past Participle shakli yordamida yasaladi: to be asked.

6. Perfect Infinitive Passive to be fe'lining Perfect Infinitive shakli - to have been - va asosiy fe'lning Past Participle shakli yordamida yasaladi: to have been asked.

7. Infinitive oldiga not yuklamasini qo'yish bilan infinitivning bo'lish-siz shakli yasaladi: not to ask, not to be asked.

ACTIVE INFINITIVE VA PASSIVE INFINITIVE

1. Infinitiv ifodalagan ish-harakati ma'lum bir shaxs yoki buyumga
qarashli bo'lmasligi mumkin:

To drive a car in a big city is very Katta shaharda mashina haydash
difficult. juda qiyin.

Ko'pgina hollarda infinitiv ifodalagan ish-harakat ma'lum shaxs yoki buyumga qarashli bo'ladi:

I intended to go there.(to go infini- Men u yerga borishga qaror tivi ifodalagan ish-harakat I egaga qildim. qarashli.)

Ask him to come early.(to come in- Unga erta kelishini ayting. fmitivi ifodalagan ish-harakat him to'ldiruvchiga qarashli.)

2. Infinitiv ifodalagan ish-harakat o'sha infinitiv qarashli bo'lgan
shaxs yoki buyum tomonidan sodir etilsa, Active Infinitive ishlatiladi:
He has a great desire to invite you U sizni kechaga taklif qilishni juda
to the party. istaydi.

I want to inform Tom of Bill's ar- Men Tomni Billning kelganidan
rival. xabardor qilishni istayman.

3. Infinitiv ifodalagan ish-harakat o'sha infinitiv qarashli bo'lgan
shaxs yoki buyumga nisbatan (boshqalar tomonidan) sodir etilsa, Pas
sive Infinitive ishlatiladi:

He has a great desire to be invited U o'zini ziyofatga (kechaga) taklif

to the party. qilishlarini juda istaydi.

I want to be informed of her ar- Menga uning kelganini xabar qi-

rival. lishlarini istayman.

SIMPLE VA PERFECT INFINITIVE

Simple Infinitive (ham Active, ham Passive) quyidagi hollarda ishlatiladi:

1. Infinitiv gapning kesimidagi ish-harakat bilan bir vaqtda sodir eti-
ladigan ish-harakatni ifodalaganda:

I am glad to see you. Men sizni ko'rishdan xursandman.

I saw him enter the house. Men uning uyga kirganini ko'rdim.

2. Infinitiv may, must, should, ought modal fe'llari bilan va to expect
umid qilmoq, kutmoq, to intend qasd qilmoq, to hope umid qilmoq, to want

istamoq kabi fe'llar bilan kelib kelasi zamondagi ish-harakatini ifoda-

laydi:

He may come tomorrow. U ertaga kelishi mumkin.

I hope to see him at the concert. Men uni konsertda uchratishni

umid qilaman.
I intend to go there on Sunday. Men u yerga yakshanba kuni bo-

rish niyatidaman.
3. Vaqtdan qat'i nazar, umuman sodir bo'ladigan ish-harakatni ifo
dalaydi:
To skate is pleasant. Yaxmalak uchish yoqimli.

Perfect Infinitive (ham Active, ham Passive) quyidagi hollarda ishla-tiladi:

1. Perfect Infinitive gapning kesimidagi fe'l ifodalagan ish-harakat-
dan oldin sodir bo'lgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi:

He seems to have finished his U ishini tugatganga o'xshaydi.

work.

This writer is said to have written a Aytishlaricha bu yozuvchi yangi

new novel. roman yozgan.

2. may va must fe'llaridan keyin kelib ish-harakat allaqachon sodir
bo'lgan degan taxminni ifodalash uchun:

He must have fogotten about it. U buni unutgan bo'lishi kerak.

I don't know where he is. He may Uning qayerdaligini bilmayman.
have gone to London. Londonga ketgan boiishi mum-

kin.

3. should, would, could, might, ought to, va was (were) to modal fe'lla
ridan keyin kelib bajarilishi lozim bo 'Igan va bajarilishi mumkin bo 'Igan,
lekin haqiqatda bajarilmagan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi:

He should (ought to) have gone U o'sha yoqqa ketgan bo'lishi

there. kerak edi.

You could have helped him. Siz unga yordam bera olardingiz.

He was to have come yesterday. U kecha kelishi kerak edi.

4. to intend, to hope, to expect, to mean fe'llarining o'tgan zamondagi
shaklidan keyin kelib ish-harakatni sodir qilishga qasd, umid bo 'lishiga,
shu ish-harakatni sodir etilishini kutishga qaramay shu ish-harakat sodir
bo 'Imaganligini bildiradi:

I intended to have finished my Men kecha oqshom ishimni tuga-
work last night. tishga qasd qilgan edim (tugata

olmadim).
I hoped to have met him there. Men uni o'sha yerda uchratishni

umid qilgan edim (uchratmadim).

CONTINUOUS VA PERFECT CONTINUOUS INFINITIVE

1. Continuous Infinitive gapning kesimidagi ish-harakat bilan bir payt-da davom etgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi:

That firm is reported to be conducting negotiations for the purchase of sugar. Xabar berilishicha, o'sha firma shakar sotib olish haqida muzo-karalar olib borayotgan ekan.

The weather seems to be improving. Ob-havo yaxshilanayotganga o'xshaydi.

2. Perfect Continuous Infinitive gapning kesimidagi ish-harakatdan oldin uzoq vaqt davomida davom etgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi:

They are said to have been conducting negotiations for a long time. Aytishlaricha, ular muzokaralarni uzoq vaqt olib borishgan.

He is known to have been working on this problem for many years. Uning bu

muammo ustida ko'p yillar ishlaganligini odamlar biladi.

I intend to call on him and discuss this question.

afford qurbi yetmoq agree kelishmoq ко 'nmoq, rozi bo 'Imoq appear ко 'rinmoq arrange uyushtirmoq ask so 'ramoq uttempt urinmoq beg yalinmoq care qiziqmoq claim da 'vo qilmoq consent rozi bo 'Imoq

INFINITIVNING TO YUKLAMASI BILAN KELISHI

1. Odatda infinitivdan oldin to yuklamasi keladi: to speak, to buy.

Agar gapda ikkita infmitiv bo'lib, ular and yoki or bog'lovchisi bilan bog'-langan bo'lsa, ikkinchi infinitivdan oldin to yuklamasi qo'yilmaydi:

I intend to call on him and discuss this question. Men unikiga borib bu masalani muhokama qilmoqchiman.

I asked him to telephone to me on Monday or wire. Men undan dushanba kuni telefon qilishini yoki telegramma berishini so'radim.

2. Quyidagi fe'llardan keyin har doim infmitiv to yuklamasi bilan ishlatiladi:

agree kelishmoq ко 'nmoq, rozi bo 'Imoq appear ко 'rinmoq arrange uyushtirmoq ask so 'ramoq uttempt urinmoq beg yalinmoq care qiziqmoq claim da 'vo qilmoq consent rozi bo 'Imoq

prepare tayyorlamoq pretend mug 'ambirlik qilmoq promise va 'da bermoq refuse rad etmoq regret afsuslanmoq remember eslamoqdecide qaror qilmoqdemand talab qilmoqdeserve arzimoqdesire qattiq istamoq expect kutmoq fail muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchramoq forget unutmoq hesitate ikkilanmoq hope umid qilmoq intend niyat qilmoq learn o'rganmoq seem bo 'lib ко 'rinmoq strive harakat qilmoq struggle kurashmoq, urinmoq swear ont ichmoq tend о 'ch bo 'Imoq threaten qo'rqitmoq try urinmoq volunteer yordamini taklif qilmoq wait kutmoq want istamoq wish istamoq, xohlamoq

I can't afford to buy it. Buni sotib olishga mening qurbim yetmaydi.

She appeard to be tired. U charchagan ko'rinadi.

They agreed to help us. Ular bizga yordam berishga rozi bo'lishdi.

I'll arrange to meet you at the airport. Men sizni aeroportda kutib olishni uyushtiraman.

He asked to come with us. U biz bilan borishini so'radi.

The president will attempt to reduce inflation. President inflatsiyani kamaytirishga harakat qiladi.

He begged to come with us. U biz bilan bormoqchi bo'lib yalindi.

I don't care to see that show. Men bu tomoshani ko'rishga qiziqmayman.

She claims to know a famous movie star. U mashhur film yulduzini taniyman deb da'vo qiladi.

She finally consented to marry him. Nihoyat u unga turmushga chiqishga rozi bo'ldi.

I have decided to leave on Monday. Men dushanba kuni jo'nashga qaror qildim.

I demand to know who is responsible. Kim javobgarligini bilishni talab qilaman.

I promise not to be late. Kechikmaslikka va'da beraman

I refuse to believe his story. Uning hikoyasiga ishonishdan bosh tortaman.

I regret to tell you that you failed. Sizning muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraganingizni aytishdan afsuslana

man.

3. Quyidagi orqasidan ot (yoki olmosh) kelgan fellardan keyin har doim infinitive to yuklamasi bilan keladi.

Advise – maslahat bermoq

Allow – ruxsat bermoq

Ask – so’ramoq

Beg – yalintirmoq

Cause – sabab bo’lmoq

Challenge – chaqirmoq

Convince – ishontirmoq

Dare – botinmoq

Encourage – undamoq

Expect – umiq qilmoq

Forbid – taqiqlamoq

Force – majbur qilmoq

Hire – yollamoq

Insruct – ko’rsatma

bermoq

invite – taklif qilmoq

need – kerak (zarur)

bo’lmoq

order – buyurmoq

permit – ruxsat bermoq

Persuade – ishontirmoq

Remind – eslatmoq

Require – talab qilmoq

Teach – o’qitmoq

o’rgatmoq

tell – aytmoq, demoq

urge – undamoq

ishontirmoq

want – istamoq

warn - ogohlantirmoq

She advised me to wait until U menga ertagacha kutishni maslahat

tomorrow. qldi.

I asked John to help us. Men Jon bizga yordam berishini

so’radim.

Her laziness caused her to fail. Uning dangasalagi uning

Muvaffaqiyatiga sabab bo’ldi.

I couldn’t convince him to accept Men uni yordamimizni qabul qilishga

our help. ko’ndira olmadim.

4. Quyidagi sifatlardan keyin infinitiv to yuklamasi bilan keladi:

Anxious juda istovchi

Able qodir

Boring zerikarli

Common oddiy

Dangerous xafli

Difficult qiyin

Eager intiluvchi

Easy oson

Good yaxshi

Hard qattiq, og’ir

Pleased xursand

Prepared tayyor

Readly tayyorlangan

Strange begona, g’alati

Usual odatiy

5. to stop, to remember, to forget fe’llaridan keyin infinitiv ham, gerund ham ishlatilishi mumkin, faqat ma’no bir oz o’zgaradi:

John stopped studying. Jon o’qishni to’xtadi (boshqa o’qimaydi)

John stopped to study. Jon o’qish uchun to’xtadi.

6. begin, continue, hate, like, love, start, can’t stand fe’llaridan keyin infinitiv ham, gerund ham ishlatilishi mumkin, lekin ma’noda o’zgarish bo’lmaydi:

I like to go (going) to movies. Men kinoga borishni yoqtiraman.

I love to play (playing) chess. Men shaxmat o’yanshni sevaman.

It started to snow (snowing). Qor yog’a boshladi.

7. to want, to wish, to mean, to try, to allow, to be going to, ought to, to have to, should (would) like, used fe’llaridan keyin gapda oldin ishlatilgan infinitivning o’rnida faqat to yuklamasi kelishi mumkin:

He wants me to go there tonight, Bu oqshom u mening u yerga borishimni

but I don’t want to (go tushuniladi) istaydi, lekin men borishini istamayman.

I was asked to take part in the Mendan sayohatda ishtirok etishni

trip, but I am not going to so’rashdi, lekin men qatnashmoqchi

(take part tushuniladi). emasman.

The boy wanted to go for Bola cho’milishga borishni istar edi,

a bathe, but was not allowed to lekin unga ruxsat berishmadi.

I didn’t want to stay there, but Men u yerda qolishini istamagandim,

I had to (stay tushuniladi). lekin qolishimga to’gri keldi.

INFINITIVNING TO YUKLAMASISIZ ISHLATILISHI

Infinitiv quyidagi hollarda to yuklamasisiz ishlatilishi:

1.must, can (could), may (might) va need modal fellaridan keyin :

You must do it at onse. Siz buni darhol qilishingiz kerak.

He can speak German. U nemischa gapira oladi.

May I come in? Kirsam mumkinmi?

Neeed he come here? Uning bu yerga kelishi shartmi?

2. to make (majbur qilmoq), to let (ruxsat bermoq), to see (kormoq), watch (kuzatmoq), to hear (eshitmoq), yo feel (his qilmoq), ba’zan to help (yordam bermoq) (ayniqsa,AQSHda) va boshqa fe’llardan keyin obektiv kelishikdagi olmosh yoki otdan keyin infinitiv to yuklamasisiz ishlartiladi:

Ega +see (watch, hear, Feel) + ot (olmosh) +V

He mode me read this book. U meni bu kitobni oqishimga majbur qildi.

I let him go there. Men unga u yerga borishga ruxsat berdim.

Help me (to) do it. Buni qilishga men yordam bering.

I saw her leave the room. Men uni xonadan chiqqanini kordim.

I heard her sing. Men uning ashula aytayotganini eshitdim.

I felt him put his hand on Men uni qolini yelkamga qoyganini his qildim.

my shoulder.

Izoh: Yuqoridagi fe’llar majhul nisbatda ishlatilganda , ulardan keyin keladigan fe’l to yuklamasi bilan ishlatiladi:

He was mode to do it. Uni buni qilishga majbur qilishdi.

He was seen to leave the room. Uning xonadan chiqqanini korishdan.

3. had better (yaxshisi), would rather, would sooner (yaxshisi) kabi birikmalardan keyin:

You had better go there at once. Siz yaxshisi u yerga darhol boring.

I would rather not tell them about it. Yaxshisi men bu haqda ularga aytmayman.

For + ot (obyektiv kelishikdagi olmosh ) + infinitiv

Bu qurilma mustaqil murakkab gap bolagi sifatida namoyon boladi (qoshma ega, qoshma kesim , qoshma aniqlovchi , qoshma hol). Bu qurilmada oddiy va majhul nisbatidagi infinitiv ishlatilishi mumkin:

It is easy for you to say that. Buni aytish sizga oson.

It is necessary for the goods to Tovarlarni qattiq qutilarga joylash zarur.

bepacked in strong cases.

This is for you to decide. Buni siz hal qilishingiz kerak.

The first thing for me to do is Mening birinchi qiladigan ishim

to find out when the steamer paroxodning qachon kelishini aniqlash.

arrives.

The water was too cold for the Suv bolalarga chomilish uchun juda sovuqlik

children to bathe. qilardi.

EXERCISES

Ex 1. Comment on the forms of the Infinitive.

1. When I go on holiday, I ask Mum to look after my houseplants. 2. In the morning Mr. Dulton was nowhere to be seen. 3. He seemed to be reading my mind. 4. You have your own life to consider. 5. The agent must have misunderstood the chief. 6. He was witty and clever and he made me laugh. 7. But what kind of rules might be required? 8. They seem to have been fighting all their lives. 9. The manuscript appears to have been written in Greek. 10. This is a date still to be agreed. 11. Brian can still be watching the western. 12. They believed the soldier to have taken unofficial leave. 13. Don't you understand that all the personal sentiments ought to have been put aside? 14. At times, lightning decisions had to be made. 15. It was vital for her presence to be felt in New York from time to time.

Ex. 2. Give all the possible forms of the following Infinitives.

To do, to study, to live, to sit, to lie, to raise, to set, to sell, to leave, to go, to inform, to like, to write, to run, to make.

Ex. 3. Comment on the cases of the Split Infinitive. Translate the sentences.

1.1 think the time has come for you to totally decide your future. 2. In 1992 Maxim decided to legally change his name. 3. Then Dad yelled at everybody to just shut up. 4. That was too horrible to even think about. 5.1 want to tenderly hold you, my dear child! 6. She fell into a chair, clapped one hand over her mouth once more, to again stifle the scream of pain and outrage rising in her throat. 7. When you are in Italy, remember to always add the area code to the number you want to call. 8. Obviously she'd said what he wanted to hear; it appeared to both excite and relax him. 9. When you travel by the train, don't push and shove with might and main! Let those who wish to first alight, then pass on quickly left and right. 10. The detectives needed special equipment to thoroughly and accurately investigate the mystery. 11. Jack was the first person to ever show me any affection in my life. 12. The mayors met in order to fully explore and discuss the problems of managing large cities. 13. Most companies will have to severely limit their dumping of pollutants. 14. They say they would like to eventually expand the business. 15. My advice to you is to initially receive a thorough examination a good therapist. 16. To fully appreciate the splendour of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel, you need to visit the Vatican.

Ex 4. Use” to” before the Infinitiv where possible.

1. We did everything we could ... make him ... join us. 2. You can't... make me ... do what I don't want .... 3. Are you sure you can ... afford ... waste another year? 4. You need ... take more care of yourself. 5. It would be very foolish ... let the child ... have his way. 6. Let the next student... come in now. 7. We'd rather ... take a train than ... fly. 8. Why not... go with us? Let's ... have fun! 9. You'd better ... stay in bed not... make your cold ... get worse. 10.1 need a car ... get to my country-house. 11. We heard the postman ... come up to the front door and then we saw him ... slip a thick envelope into the box. 12. He can't but... admire her beauty and talent. 13. You ought... have told me all this before. 14. We got them ... rebuild the house. 15. He was seen ... enter the house through the back door. 16. — What made you ... terrorize me? — I was made ... do it. 17. Will you be able ... let your son ... decide his future?

Ex. 5. Answer the questions

1. What are you learning to do, and why do you do it? 2. What can't students afford to do? 3. If someone works hard, why does he do it? 4. What do students aim to do? 5. What is a quick-tempered person inclined to do? 6. What are troublemakers apt to do? 7. If workers are dissatisfied, what can they threaten to do? 8. What do absent-minded people tend to do? 9. What do you have to get ready to do on a Monday morning? 10. What do stubborn people refuse to do? 11. What are generous people willing to do? 12. When the man proposes, what does a woman agree to do? 13. When two people get engaged, what have they resolved to do? 14. When people get married, what do they promise to do? 15. What are you planning to do in future?

Ex. 6. Complete the sentences using suitable Infinitive.

1.1 learned ... when I was around six or seven. 2. We've decided... a new washing-machine. 3. Hugh promised not... late for his own wedding. 4. My boyfriend and I would love ... Venice. 5. You seem ... in a good mood tonight. 6. Felicia appeared ... asleep, but she wasn't. 7. The Martins can't afford ... a house. 8. Try ... to class on time every day. 9.1 can't wait... my family again! It's been a long time. 10. She is very sorry. She didn't mean ... you. 11. My friend offered ... me a little money. 12. Erik is only five, but he intends ... a doctor when he grows up. 13. What time do you expect... the Hague? 14.1 forgot... some cheese when I went to the grocery store. 15. They are planning ... to the Canaries after they get married.

Ex. 7. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the Split Infinitives.

1. At the time, it seemed wiser for me to simply disappear, quickly and quietly. 2.1 placed the tray in the middle of the kitchen table and began to methodically chop an egg. 3. She wondered how to effectively explain this to the kids without resorting to a pack of lies. 4. The offer came from out of the blue and she did not want to even discuss it. 5. It was hard to truly estimate how rich she was. 6. Henry had known Emma for almost forty years, long enough to fully understand her. 7. They had come to bitterly accept the fact. 8. Nelly paused, uncertain of how to correctly explain her behavior. 9. The boy licked the pencil and began to carefully print Mrs. Daniel's address. 10. He did not appear to physically favor either of his parents. 11. She had never ceased to secretly worship her elder brother. 12. Melanie began to selectively tick off the goods, she could readily dispose of in her store. 13. She had to hear it from Julia's own mouth to truly believe it. 14. Something of his good humor seemed to mysteriously transfer itself to everybody in the room. 15. She had to occasionally neglect on some of her chores to make time for reading.

Ex 8. Use the verbs in brackets in the required form.

1.1 like (give) presents to friends, but even more I like (give) gifts. 2. She is so lucky (have) such a good family, (see) all love and care since childhood. 3. The dictionary seems (belong) to my great-grandfather. It appears (publish) ages ago. 4. The young man seemed (study) Marion, and she gave him a cold stare. 5. The key to the grandfather clock was believed (lose) some twenty years before. 6. One more window remained (wash). 7. The child is so pale! She ought (have) a change of food and air. 8. Well, sir, I want (take) my words back. I'm sorry (call) you names. 9. The case was urgent. The man had (operate on). 10. He was sorry (not notice) the fax on the secretary's table. 11. But what kind of rules might (require)? 12. The rules (leave) to the Government to decide. 13. Everybody is going (give) a rise. 14. Parenthood, someone once said, is the only 24-hour-a-day job for which you (not pay) overtime. 15. The country is considered (make) enormous progress this year. 16. English people don't like (tell) what to do.

Ex.9. Translate into English

1.Я счастлива пригласить вас на вечер. 2. Я счастлива, что меня часто приглашают на премьеры. 3. Я счастлива, что меня пригласили на новый спектакль в "Сатирикон". 4. Хочу рассказать вам последние новости. 5. Хочу, чтобы мне рассказали эту историю. 6. Я рада, что мне рассказали об этом. 7. Роберт не собирается обвинять вас. 8. Он не предполагал, что его обвинят. 9. Мне жаль, что я причиняю вам столько хлопот. 10. Мне жаль, что побеспокоила вас. 11. Дети любят выдумывать разные истории. 12. Дети обожают, когда им рассказывают страшные истории. 13. Он, кажется, знает всех в городе. 14. Тед, кажется, читает что-то смешное. Он все время улыбается. 15. Он, кажется, выполняет эту работу уже много лет.

Ex.10. Comment on the form and function of Infinitive. Translate the sentences.

1. To read books means to enlarge one's horizons. 2. He reads a lot to broaden his mind. 3. To part from friends is to die a little. 4. To win friends and influence people, one must employ guile and fraud, some politicians believe. 5. A friend is someone special to laugh with, to reminisce with, to dream with, to shape with, to bitch with ... 6. He had no idea whom he was to meet. 7. What he really wanted was to be alone, entirely alone. 8. She could not afford to panic, not under any circumstances. 9. — You always make me feel better. — Do I? 10. She didn't love Willy enough to marry him. 11. Gradually, she came to understand how wrong she had been. 12. To begin my story I must go back in time, to 1990. 13. He was far too bright a boy to be deceived. He would probe and probe. 14. To tell the truth, a cigar gives me a chance to relax and to meditate. 15. Maxim flew to New York only to discover that his daughter was on the Coast. 16. She began to realize that her husband was a difficult man, not easy to know, or live with, and secretive. 17. In Greece people often shake their heads from side to side to say "Yes". With us it means "No". 18. They need nobody to protect them. 19. To recover completely, he must begin to work, but it mustn't be hard work. 20. It makes everybody so happy to see you again! 21. It takes a long time to become a personality. 22. It gives me great comfort to think of you.

Ex. 11. A. Read and translate the sentences. Define the function of the Infinitives.

1. To make the world better has always been his aim 2. To lie or not to lie — that's the dilemma. 3. It's unusual to see you at home in the middle of the day. 4. To go out alone in the middle of the night is risky. 5. To fulfill all your wishes is all I want. 6. It is awful to be so stubborn. 7. It's unwise to refuse.

B. Complete the following sentences

1. ... that is the question. 2. ... is to believe. 3. ... is my aim in life. 4. ... would be madness. 5. It makes me feel good ... . 6. It would never do .... 7. It was unnatural....8. It annoyed them .... 9. ... is everybody's wish.

Ex. 12. A. Read and translate the sentences. Define the function of Infinitives

1. To agree to this offer is to lose self-respect. 2. Gold and love affairs are hard to hide. 3. A witty limerick is very difficult to write. 4. That sort of thing is easy to do. 5. My friends are very interesting to talk to. 6. This musical instrument is easy to learn. 7. My main chore in the house is to vacuum and dust the rooms. 8. The only sensible thing to do when you are attacked is, as Napoleon once said, to counter-attack. 9. Some girls are catty and difficult to live with. 10. Bad habits are easy to acquire and hard to break. 11. This is something that is hard to describe. 12. She was not going to be easy to deal with. 13. Office affairs are easy to begin and difficult to finish. 14. The toilets were few and hard to find.

B. Complete the following sentences

1. The idea was ... . 2. What I want is ... . 3. The main point is .... 4. To travel means ... . 5. The only thing to do was ... . 6. To tell a white lie is ... . 7. To live is ... . 8. To be up to date means .... 9. My telephone number is ... . 10. This girl is .... 11. The secret of life is ... . 12. Money is .... 13. This code is ... .

Ex 13. Read and translate the sentences .

1. Miss Honey removed her spectacles and began to polish the lenses with a piece of tissue. 2.1 told my parents they ought to take some vitamins. 3. Her heart began to pound in a most unreasonable and unfamiliar way. 4. Television started to resemble radio. One station provides news another soft rock; a third is all-sports. 5. She could J longer bear to keep the secret of her past from him 6. Catherine took out various items from the refrigerator and started to make a selection of small tea sandwiches 7. The boy broke off, unable to voice his fears about his parents. 8. She needed to find him, immediately. 9. As time passed she began to function like her old self. 10. Раula started to extend her family business.

Ex. 14. A. Read and translate the sentences. Define the function of the Infinitives

1. A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. 2. He is rather unbearable at times; he wants to have everything his own way. 3. He failed to appear before a Milan magistrate to answer accusations of a tax fraud. 4. She used to enjoy the village life. 5. My parents have taught me to see the best in people. 6. She pretended not to care for that man. 7. They plan to marry next week.

В. Complete the following sentences

l.The students would like.... 2. Many people don't want.... 3. The friends agreed never.... 4. Never forget... 5. The scout pretended .... 6. The hunters were dead lucky .... 7. We intended .... 8. Be careful.... 9. Will you teach me ... ?

Ex. 15. A. Read and translate the sentences. Define the function of Infinitives.

1. Biologically, there is only one quality which distinguishes us from animals: the ability to laugh. 2. An active life gives man the opportunity to realize values in creative work. 3. There is a time to fish and a time to dry nets. 4. There are no more copies of this book to be had. 5. TV-viewers now have the choice and freedom to select from various programmes and enjoy them when it suits them best. 6. The best way to see Rome is either on foot or on a bus. 7. This is a popular place to see and be seen. 8. You give me reason to live, my dear. 9. He who has a why to live can bear with almost any how. 10. The Rolex company were the first to develop the idea of a modern watch. 11. Don't worry about Tracey! She's got Keith to protect her. 12.1 have absolutely nothing to do this weekend. Though there is business to attend to in Manhattan. 13. He has a talent to make the best of any bad situation. 14.1 think there is something special in you ... a will to endure, to succeed no matter what. 15. She immediately made a desperate effort to still her nerves. 16. Internet gives everyone the power to contribute. The power to share information and ideas. The power to move your business forward.

B. Complete the following sentences.

1.1 have hitting news .... 2. These are the rules ... . 3. She'll always say something ... . 4. The situation leaves much .... 5. They had nothing ... at the Customs. 6. There was nothing ... all day, and no one ... . 7. We've always admired the old man's will ... . 8. The shops before 293

Christmas are full of things .... 9.1 had a vital date ... 10. The guests have left, and now I have a pile of dishes ...

Ex. 16. Complete the sentences with the phrases from the right column.

1. There are always choices 2. You give me reason 3. They have the power 4. Now there's an easier way 5. Whenever economic hardship breaks children are the first 6. In Egypt you've got plenty of geological wonders 7. Everybody has the right 8. A food mixer is a very useful gadget 9. In those days I had a baby 10. There are four ways 11. Mr. Killingworth is the right man 12. She had no desire 13. Bill says he needs a wife 14. She has always had the ability

15. This was a wonderful chance 16. This fashion magazine shows you 17. I went back to work with this thought

a. to suffer. b. to marvel at. c. to dream his little dream. d. to have in the kitchen, e. to veto any project. f. to mix with others. g. to do the talking, h. to make. i. to chew on. j. to give your child a world of knowledge, k. to do this sum. 1. to amuse everybody, to take care of him. n. to talk about it. o. to look after, p. to live, q. the most successful ways to dress.

Ex. 17. Read and translate the text. Comment on the Infinitives.

I Want a Wife.

A Feminist Classic from the Early '70s

By Judy Syfers

I belong to that classification of people known as wives-I am a Wife. And, not altogether incidentally, I am a mother. Not too long ago a male friend of mine appeared on the scene fresh from a recent divorce. He had one child, who is, of course, with his ex-wife. He is obviously looking for another wife. As I thought about him while I was ironing one evening, it suddenly occurred to me that I, too, would like to have a wife. Why do I want a wife? I would like to go back to school. And I want a wife who will work and send me to school. And while I am going to school, I want a wife to take care of the children. I want a wife to make sure my children eat properly and are kept clean. I want a wife who will wash the children's clothes and keep them mended, who arranges for their schooling, takes them to the park, the zoo, et cetera. I want a wife who takes care of the children when they are sick, a wife who arranges to be around when the children need special care, because, of course, I cannot miss classes at school. Needless to say, my wife must arrange to lose time at work and not lose the job. It may mean a small cut in my wife's income from time to time, but I guess I can tolerate that.

I want a wife to take care of my physical needs. I want a wife who will keep my house clean. A wife ,who will pick up after me. I want a wife who will keep my clothes clean, ironed, mended, replaced when need be. I want a wife who is a good cook. I want a wife to plan the menus, do the necessary shopping, prepare the meals, serve them pleasantly, and then do the cleaning up while I do my studying. I want a wife who will care of me when I am sick and sympathize with my pain and loss of time from school.

I want a wife who will not bother me with rambling complaints about a wife's duties. But I want a wife who will listen to me when I feel the need to explain a rather difficult point I have come across in my course of studies. And I want a wife who will type my papers for me when I have written them.

And I want a wife who knows that sometimes I need a night out by myself. But I want a wife who understands that my sexual needs may entail more than strict adherence to monogamy. I must, after all, be able to relate to people as fully as possible.

If I happen to find another person more suitable as a wife than the wife I already have, I want the liberty to replace my present wife with another one. Naturally, as I expect a fresh, new life, my wife will have to take the children and be solely responsible for them so that I am left free.

When I am through with school and have a job, I want my wife to quit working and remain at home so that my wife can more fully and completely take care of a wife's duties.My God, who wouldn't want a wife?

Ex. 18. Read the poem and learn it. Comment on the Infinitives.

What Is This Life?

What is this life if, full of care,

We have no time to stand and stare?

No time to stand beneath the boughs.

And stare as long as sheep or cows;

No time to see, when woods we pass,

Where squirrels hide their nuts in grass;

No time to see, in broad daylight,

Streams full of stars, like skies at night;

No time to turn at Beauty's glance,

And watch her feet, how they can dance;

No time to wait till her mouth can Enrich that smile her eyes began?

A poor life is this if, full of care, We have no time to stand and stare.(W..Davies)

Ex 19. A. Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the form function of the Infinitives.

1. To get daily updated news, to be in the know just slip through the net and you are on the Internet. 2. Aunt Louise whirled around to greet me. 3. We didn't tell him the whole truth not to discourage him. 4.1 ran back to my room to collect my belongings. 5. Tony's father died of pneumonia when he was nine. His mother, a seamstress, struggled to raise three children on her own. 6. Unable to make such a decision alone I asked my brother for help. 7. The clock buzzes to tell you when to get up. 8. Most Islanders have at least two jobs to earn enough to cope with the sky-high prices. 9. You don't have to be a genius to understand it. 10. When in Paris we went to a wonderful restaurant to enjoy an open-air meal. 11. To overcome the problems that face each one of us — and no life is problem-free — it is crucial to have a plan to live by. 12. He opened his mouth to say something, but then changed his mind. 13. They had come to attend the party. 14. So sensational was the news that the entire class jumped out of their seats to have a really good look. 15. He remained silent for a few moments to allow her to compose herself. 16. If the state borrows heavily to rebuild the economy, the Central Bank will keep monetary policy tight.

17.1 popped into the snack bar to buy a soda.

B. Complete the following sentences.

1. This car is designed ... . 2. The mayor cut the ribbon ... 3. It took all her strength .... 4. The young man works hard .... 5. You don't have to be a genius ... 6. She has only to say "yes" ... . 7. Keep your mouth shut.... 8. She spoke more slowly ... . 9. She sipped her tea ... .

Ex. 20. Complete the sentences using” to” or” for”.

I. She opened the file ... look for the necessary information. 2. She scanned the text... the needed data. 3. The family went to Paris ... a short visit. 4. The Parkers went to Bath... visit the distant relatives. 5. Every evening she takes long walks ... relax. 6. It's good to take long walks ... relaxation. 7. I'm going to University ... a good education. 8. I'm going to University ... get knowledge. 9. My kids aren't going to school just... have fun. 10. Charlie has done it just... fun. 11.1 went to the store ... some bread and cheese. 12. Mum has gone to the store ... get some milk. 13.1 turned on the radio ... listen to the news. 14.1 listened to the radio ... news about the weather. 15. In this country we wear fur coats in the winter ... keep us warm. 16.1 have put on this sheepskin coat... warmth. 17.1 had a long stroll ... boom my appetite.

Ex. 21. A. Read and translate the sentences. Define the function of the Infinitives.

1. The day is too hot for us to be out on the beach. 2. The cigarettes are expensive enough to be good. 3. The tea is too sweet to be refreshing. 4. She is clever enough to be at the top of the class. 5. The wine is too harsh to be tasty. 6. The dress is cut well enough to be elegant. 7. The oranges are too tired to buy them. 8. The weather is frosty enough to be enjoyable. 9. The colors are too loud to be good. 10. Wilfred was far too bewildered even to speak. 11. Life is too short to continue hating anyone for a long time. 12. My relatives never visit us. They have too many kids to fit in the car. 13. Catherine had never judged Meredith and Jack. She was far too intelligent to do that and mature enough to realize that no one else ever knew exactly what went on between two people. 14. But in the end the burden had got too big to carry. 15. The man was too big to be allowed.

B. Complete the following sentences.

1. She is old enough .... 2. He was too stressed and busy ... . 3. You are too pessimistic ... . 4. They know him well enough ... . 5. You are mature enough .... 6.1 became brave enough ... . 7. Life is too tough .... 8. She was too much of a lady ... .

Ex 22. A. Read and translate the sentences. Define the function of Infinitive.

1.1 woke up to find the doctor lifting me very carefully into my own bed. 2. They went to their friends' country house to find all the doors locked and nobody in sight. 3. Michael returned to his native village never to leave it again. 4. Helen came to the University to be told that all the lectures had been cancelled. 5. She awoke one morning to find herself famous. 6. She walked into the back room to see her mother crying over the broken China vase. 7. He came into the garage to discover that his car was gone. 8. In a month I returned home to learn that my son needed a surgery.

B. Complete the following sentences.

1.1 took a mouthful of juice.... 2. David opened the cellar.... 3. Marion went to the East.... 4. She switched on the TV-set.... 5. The woman opened her bag.... 6. One morning I came into the room.... 7. In the morning I awoke ... .

Ex . 23. Read and translate the sentences.

1.1 don't expect you to understand. You wouldn't listen to me in 1994 and you won't listen to me now. But I want you to take some precautions. Would you like me to help you? 2. If you don't want anyone to know your business, keep your mouth shut. 3. What made you decide to enter that competition? 4. They wanted her to relax and sent the children to their aunt's. 5. They know him to be a responsible person. 6. Sunglasses make you look mysterious. 7. They consider him to be a real professional. 8. The desire for fame makes men work hard and does not let them rest till the goal is gained. 9. She regards him as a superman. 10. The big breakfast made me feel drowsy and I let the book fall to the floor. 11. Let me take you to the Milky Way on your holiday! 12. It makes my mouth water just to think about all those tasty things. 13. Let the music play, let the voices sing, let's stay together to the end! 14. It takes two to make a dream come true. 15.1 don't let my children watch TV shows that are violent. 16. Let the wind always blow in your back and the road always go downhill for you! 17. Don't let that fool you! 18. These articles will make your hair stand on end. 19.1 make myself exercise and do sit-ups for ten minutes every other morning. 20. Since I didn't want that to happen, I took Andre's advice.

Ex 24. Read and retell.

"Do you remember, Maxim, what I told you about the standards I want you to have when you are a big boy, and when you are a man?" "Yes, Papa. You said a gentleman never tells a lie." "That's correct, but now I'm afraid I must amend that statement. I wish you to revise what I said to you last week. I have to change my opinion... I believe it to be perfectly all right for a gentleman to tell a lie if it is a matter of life and death... if it is to save his life. Or the lives of others, of course. I want you to remember that a man must have valour, honour and nobility if he is to be of great character, I want you to remember that when you grow up." "Yes,

Papa, I will."

(after B. Bradford)

Ex. 25. Make sentences according to the model.

Model. I was in the bank. Two robbers broke in. — I happened to be in the bank, when two robbers broke in.

We were waiting at a bus-stop. Our friend drove past. — We happened (chanced) to be waiting at a bus-stop when our friend drove past.

1. You were there. The incident took place. 2. She was in the bath. The telephone rang. 3. You were watching television. There came a knock on the door. 4. He was sitting in a restaurant. A friend walked in. 5. You were passing by. A passer-by stopped you. 6. They were there. The flying saucer appeared. 7. The sheriff was in the club. A fight started. 8. You were talking about her. She came into the room. 9. An old man was walking past a hospital. He had a heart attack. 10. You were standing outside a hotel. A Rolls-Royce drove up.

Ex. 26. Change the sentences according to the model.

Model' She appeared not to hear him. — She didn't appear to hear him.

1. She seemed not to know real life. 2. This man seemed not to care for rules. 3. He was busy with the car and appeared not to see the policeman. 4. John seemed not to enjoy playing cards but he had to. 5. The boss never seemed to pay any attention to our needs. 6. The boy 304

seems not to be healthy and happy. 7. Andrew appeared not to notice her. 8. The waiter seemed not to notice our anger. 9. Christine seemed not to take in what he meant. 10. He appeared not to have learnt the results of the investigation. 11. The women seemed not to like the work they were doing. 12. Simon seemed to see and hear nothing. 13. You seem not to have forgiven me, Denny, which is very, very sad. 14.1 seemed to have no feeling left in me at all. 15. His heart appeared not to be beating any longer.

Ex 27. Open the brackets and use the required form of Infinitive.

1. So far she appeared (do) Henry nothing but harm. 2. He appeared (see) the light and decided to drop in. 3. Here, in a small village, the world seems (construct) on a smaller scale. 4. Yes, they seem (appreciate) my picture a whole lot last night. 5. The children seem (eat)

ever since they arrived, as if they had been starved before. 6. It may turn out (be) interesting. 7. She appeared (cross- question) me. 8. Everyone seemed (talk) for hours. 9. The idea of escape seemed (become) less fantastic. 10. Possibly it might prove (be) dead good luck. 11. Twenty years seem (pass) so quickly! 12. Verena seemed (let) the matter (die). 13. The sound of the phone ringing seemed (wake) every nerve in my body. 14. Scarlet seemed (pay) little attention to what they said. 15. Her legs seemed (lose) power to move, and now she appeared (break).

Ex. 28. Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the functions of for-phrases with Infinitive.

1. For him to act so is rather unusual. 2. It was difficult for Bill to keep such a big family. 3. All she wanted was for her mother to come to terms with her past, gain peace of mind, as well as a bit of happiness for once. 4. The best thing is for you to leave at once. 5. Teddy put the kettle on, stood near the stove waiting for the water to boil. 6. He stopped the car for the kids to get in. 7. That is for the boss to decide, isn't it? 8. Steve was a suitable candidate for them to hire. 9.1 am still waiting for the mail to come. 10. Emma was a suitable child for them to adopt. 11. I've bought a tin of pastries for you to enjoy them. 12. After all, we have known the man long enough for Steve to trust him.

Exercise 29. Transform the sentences using the words: necessary, important, possible, impossible, difficult, traditional hard, easy, customary.

Hostess begins to eat. The bride usually feeds the groom the first piece of wedding cake. Mary should start thinking about her future.. Animals can't talk or think or plan something..1 can understand my teacher most of the time. A writer should be imaginative. My parents are anxious I should enter the University.

Ex.30. Transform the sentences so as to use for-to-infinitive constructions.

1. The most important thing is that we should stay cool. 2. Let us wait till the fax arrives. 3. This is the day which they shall remember for a long time. 4. He is the expert whom you should have consulted. 5.1 shall leave some money so that they may spend it. 6. Martin sent his family to his parents' so that they could be safe there. 7. The days have become too short, so we can't walk as much as in the summertime. 8. The new manager must be very competent as the director has entrusted him with a most difficult task. 9. It is quite natural that she should have refused his proposal. 10. What I want is that you should understand me. 11. There is no need that we should stay here any longer. 12. It's unbelievable that he should have really meant it. 13. Phone the office and someone will meet us. 14. When I became a vegetarian, I had to wait for some period of time until my organism got used to it. 15. It is impossible that he didn't believe you even after you showed him the file. 16. He waited in the reception. The secretary hadn't turned up yet. 17. Mr. Marshall's suggestion was that the contract should be signed without any delay.

Ex. 31. Read and translate the following. Comment on the form and function of the Infinitives.

1. My sister Maggie is cooking up a plan to get Dad to let her go to that party on Saturday. 2. I've been trying to find a way to convince them to let me stay home, and they had finally to give in, which made me feel a lot better. 3. To tell the truth, I work alone, I have no partner to worry about. 4. To live is to suffer, to survive is to find meaning in the suffering. 5. To develop the strength and tone of your voice you have to practice voice exercises daily. I was too self-conscious to find a teacher and have singing lessons, but it wasn't an ordeal to record yourself singing and send the tape off to be assessed. And then I received my tape back from my tutor to improve it further. 6. Patsy drove on in silence, too tired to speak, but after a while she said, "I'm not too sure about parking in Leeds. I think the best thing to do is to go to the Queens Hotel to park there." 7. There were certain matters at the London office to attend to and she and Patsy had to make a trip to Ripon where they had some work to complete. 8. Now Maxim, it would be wiser to let the subject rest for the moment. Anastasia is far too intelligent a person to expect you to do such a thing — to get rid of your business empire. 9. "Ever since I first arrived to take up my post in London, I have sought an opportunity to show something of the rich cultural links that Brazil has had with Europe over many centuries," says the Brazilian Ambassador in London.

“Telekommunikatsiya”

yo’nalishi 1-2 kurs talabalari

uchun ingliz tilidan amaliy

bilim ko’nikmalarini oshirish

bo’yicha o’quv-uslubiy qo’llanma

5522200

“Iqtisod va boshqaruv”

fakultetining ilmiy-uslubiy

kengashida ko’rib chiqilgan

va nashir etishga tavsiya etilgan

(bayonnoma № …« … »…. 2008y.)

Tuzuvchilar:

Suleymanova G.N.

Pidayeva S.A.

Taqrizchilar:

O’zbekiston ingliz tili

o’qituvchilari assotsiatsiyasi,

direktori, professor

Iriskulov А.Т.

_______________

Ma’sul muharrir:

Suleymanova G.N.

Muharrir:

Shoxakimova M.T.